發聲機轉:phonation mechanism

˙phonation physiology 

(1)vibratory behavior of vocal folds àpitch/loudness/quality

(2)larynx àphonational threshold pressure

(3)tissue of vocal folds àstiffness/mass

(4)the shape of the glottal region à vocal fold closure

˙Basic concepts of laryngeal phonatory behavior

  (1)vocal folds vibration

 a) delay action： airflow & v.f. tissue

 b) asymmetrical driving force：the pressure  between supraglottal region & subglottal region

  

   1.converging shape /\ (subglottal pressure克服tissue阻力)

      1)-delayed action of the tissue on top of the vocal fold

      2)-intraglottal pressure & driving force

      3)-transfer energy to vocal fold & oppose frictional energy loss

      4)-intraglottal pressure in phase w/ tissue velocity

   2.intraglottal pressure↑& driving force需

   3.diverging shape \/ 

      repeat1-1)~4) 

 4.intraglottal pressure↓& driving force

 5.driving force

(2) vibration threshold pressure

   1.thickness (↓à threshold↑)

   2.tissue damping & viscosity (↑à threshold↑)

   3.mucosal wave velocity (↑à threshold↑)

   4.degree of vocal fold prephonatory adduction(wide↑à threshold↑)

  (3) fundamental frequency control

   1.v.f. length & tension↑à F₀↑

   2.v.f. mass↑à F₀↓

   3.subglottal pressure↑à F₀↑

 4.thyroarythenoid muscle activity à↓/↑F₀-frequency & intensity level

 5.extrinsic laryngeal muscle activity

     1) F₀↑--hyoid & thyroid forward

     2) F₀↓--shorter  between  the  hyoid & thyroid

  (4)intensity control (intensity, loudness, volume, vocal power)

   1.Subglottal pressure

   2.Glottal flow waveform

   3.Glottal geometry

   4.Vocal Tract

  (5)quality control

   1.perceptually

   2.physiologically --Glottal flow  waveform

   3.acoustically--Spectrum

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喉部系統:Laryngeal system

Laryngeal system

(1)structure                                                                                    

      picture resource: http://www.medicalook.com/human_anatomy/organs/Larynx.html

˙Thyroid Cartilage (甲狀軟骨)

  -the largest cartilage in laryngeal skeleton

 -consisting of 2 flat quadrilateral plates (men-90^o/women80^o)

 -V-shaped notch (thyroid notch) in superior border

 -superior horns--hyoid bone, inferior horns--cricoid

 -thyroepiglottic ligament at the junction of the laminae 

˙Cricoid Cartilage (環狀軟骨)

  -shaped like a signet ring

 -inferior to thyroid cartilage, superior to the trachea

 - lateral surface joint receive inferior horns of thyroid 

 -posterior-superior surfaces joint receive arytenoids

˙Arytenoid Cartilage (杓狀軟骨)

   (like a 3-sided pyramid)

  -the bases rest on articular surfaces of cricoid

  -the apex flattened for articulation with corniculate

  -2 projections at the base of each arytenoid

  1vocal process

   à the vocal ligament

  2muscular process

   à lateral & posterior cricoarytenoid m.

˙Corniculate Cartilages(小角軟骨)

  - resting atop & articulating w/ arytenoid

  -the elastic corniculate fibrocartilages

  -served an protective function in development

˙Cuneiform Cartilages(契型軟骨)

  -imbedded w/in the aryepiglottic folds

  -support & stiffen aryepiglottic folds

    (maintain the laryngeal opening)

˙Epiglottis (會厭)

 -bake of hyoid bone & the base of the tongue

 -based-thyroid notch by thyroepiglottic ligament

 -up-the hyoid by hyoepiglottic ligament

   -anterior surface connect  tongue base by glossoepiglottic ligaments

(2) Laryngeal Membranes & Ligaments

   1.thyrohyoid membrane

   2.median thyrohyoid ligament

   3.lateral thyrohyoid ligaments

   4.aryepiglottic folds

   5.conus elasticus 

(3)Laryngeal Joints

  ˙cricothyroid jointsà increase anter-posterior VF length, tensing VF

  ˙cricoarytenoid joints à Arytenoids(vocal process)

(4)Muscles：

  The intrinsic laryngeal muscles

1.vocal fold adductors：TA、LCA、IA

2.vocal fold abductors：PCA

3.vocal fold tensorss：CT  

 connect cricoid anterolateral surfaces & to the thyroid inferior border

    ˙pars recta (rotate the thyroid downward)

    ˙pars oblique (pull the thyroid forward )

4.aryepiglottic muscle

 The extrinsic Laryngeal muscles

   1.Inferior laryngeal muscles：sternohyoid、sternothyroid、thyrohyoid、omohyoid

      

   2.Superior laryngeal muscle：stylohyoid、mylohyoid、geniohyoid、digastric、hyoglossus、

        genioglossus

  3.Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

    -muscle fibers of the lower pharynx from thyroid & cricoid

    -stablize laryngeal position

    -propulsion of food during swallowing

    -also a resonant cavity

(5)Laryngeal Nervous System：Vagus nerve

a) superior laryngeal nerve：

    the sensory of superior laryngeal  & control CT muscle.

b) recurrent laryngeal nerve：

    the sensory of  inferior laryngeal  & control  TA、IA、LCA、PCA muscle

(6)the structure of vocal cords：

 *The supraglottal region：

from laryngeal inlet to the level of false vocal folds

àlaryngeal vestibule àventricular folds

 *The glottic region：

between ventricular & true vocal folds

àventricle (laryngeal ventricle)

àtrue vocal folds

 *The subglottal region：

from true vocal folds to the cricoid 

* Layered structure of human adult vocal fold

Youtobe:

Larynx- Cartilages - 3D Anatomy Tutorial

(透過3D完整呈現 喉部的每一個結構並有詳細的說明)

Larynx - Membranes, Ligaments and Muscles- Human Anatomy | Kenhub

(3D呈現詳細說明喉部特徵)

How the Larynx Produces Sound

(透過3D簡單呈現喉部結構,喉內肌及聲帶於發聲時的動作，簡單明瞭)

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肺容量/肺容積Pulmonary volumes & capacities

Pulmonary volumes & capacities

    ■Lung volume: Are discrete values & No one volume includes another volume

     1.tidal volume (TV): (about 0.5 liter)

        the volume of air inhaled & exhaled during single expiratory cycle at rest

     2.expiratory reserve volume (ERV): (1.5 liter)

        the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled following a quiet exhalation

     3.inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): (about 2.0 liters)

        the volume of air that can be inhaled beyond that inhaled in tidal volume

     4.residual volume (RV) : (1.0 liters)

       the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation 

     ■ Lung capacities: Include two or more lung volumes

     1.vital capacity (VC): IRV+TV+ERV

        -forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

     2.inspiratory capacity (IC): IRV+TV

     3.functional residual capacity (FRC):ERV+RV

        the volume of air in the lungs at resting expiratory level

    4.total lung capacity (TLC): IRV+TV+ERV+RV

       the volume of air lung capable of holding at maximum inhalation

    ■REL(resting expiratory level): or end-expiratory level a reference point 35% VC

picture resource: http://academic.pgcc.edu/AandP/Bio206/Images/Exercise10/LungVolumes.jpg

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言語產生之呼吸系統解剖speech production & anatomical structures of external respiration

Speech Science

☆Speech production (Anatomy & Physiology)

˙Anatomy: the study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts

  the anatomy position

   Anterior-posterior/ ventral-dorsal / cranial-caudal / medial-lateral/

   proximal-distal / superficial-deep/ abduction-adduction/ extension-flexio

  the anatomy planes

   (1)Frontal (coronal/vertical/longitudinal)-前後

   (2)Horizontal (transverse/cross-section)-上下

   (3)Sagittal (vertical/longitudinal)-左右

˙Physiology: how thing moves or functions

  -position achieve / movement procedure / aerodynamic (air pressure & airflow)

  -EMG: electro-myo-graohic(測量肌肉的改變) / force

Respiratory system 

▓Anatomical Structures of External Respiration

˙the airwayàlarynx, trachea & lungs

˙the framework for breathing mechanismàvertebral, rib cage & pelvis

˙muscles of respiration

(1)   Trachea (11-12 cm long / 20 horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous rings)

 -beneath cricoid & above bifurcates

 -6th cervical vertibra to 5th thoracic vertibra

 -each ring flattened posteriorly, contact w/ esophagus

 -space between the ends of tracheal rings consist of fibrous membrane & smooth muscle

 -fibrous membrane blend to form intratracheal membrane connect trachea ring

 -provides rigidity, flexibility & mobility

(2)   Bronchi-the bronchi tree

-Bronchi---main bronchi---secondary bronchi 

-tertiary bronchi---bronchioles

-terminal bronchioles    

-alveolar ducts---alveolar air sacs

            ↓

 interface w/ blood capillaries(微血管)

            ↓diffusion

  exchange O₂ & CO₂

(3)   Lungs (left:2/ right:3/)

 -cone-shaped, spongy, light

 -elastic material, but few muscle fibers:  擴大/縮小時有1/3是肺本身的彈力

 ■Alveoli (肺泡)

 ˙air-liquid interface over the alveoli lining

 ˙surface tension(表面張力)-防止肺無限擴張 & 2/3肺彈力

   -attraction of molecules for each other at interface

   -alveoli constantly to shorten & to resist stretching

   -type II alveolar cells (pulmonary surfactant) on alveolar surface decrease surface tension

 ■The pleurae (肋膜)【friction-free lung & thoracic surfaces & protective capacity】

  mechanisms

     ˙lungs collapse & pull  away from thoracic walls

     ˙links lungs to thoracic walls  (rest: -3~-4 mmHg  inspiration:-9 ~-12mmHg)

     ˙liquids in intrapleural space(friction-free surface) 

                                   picture source: http://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/pleurae/

(4)   Thoracic cage/Rib cage (12 pairs ribs & movement of the ribs in inhalation)

  -vertebrae(脊椎) by gliding joint

  -sternum(胸骨) by synovial joint

    the 1~ 7 pairs of ribs

    the 8~10th (連接上面的軟骨,未直接連sternum)

    the 11th & 12th are free(只接vertebrae 彈性更大)

 ■increases thoracic cavity in 3 dimensions

  -vertical dimension: contraction of diaphragm

  -transverse diameter: raising & outward rotation of ribs(predominant lower ribs)

  -anteroposterior diameter: forward & upward movement of the sternum (predominant upper ribs)

(5)   Muscles of respiration

n  the diaphragm

n  the intercostal muscles

-external intercostals (由下而上, 近胸骨無)

-internal intercostals (近椎骨無)

-subcostals (intracostals)

    

picture source: http://hsc.uwe.ac.uk/rcp/rs-ventilation.aspx

n  muscles of the thorax

■anterior

 -pectoralis major

       -pectoralis minor

       -subclavius

       -serratus anterior (magnum)

 -transversus thoracis

■posterior

       -latissimus (闊背肌)

       -serratus posterior superior

       -serratus posterior inferior

       -levatores costarum

       -quadratus lumborum (方腰肌)

       -trapezius (斜方肌)

       -rhomboids (菱形肌)

       -levator scapulae(肩舺提肌)                Picture resource:  http://slideplayer.com/slide/5955638/

       -erector spinae (脊椎直肌)

       -transversospinalis muscles

n  muscles of the neck  

 1. sternocleidomastoid

  2. scalene muscles (斜角肌)

  -anterior scalene (3-6cervical~1^st rib)

  -middle scalene (2-7cervical~1^st rib)

  -posterior scalene (倒數3cervical~2^st rib)

                                                                                  

n  abdominal musculatures

   1.external oblique

     2.internal oblique

     3.transverses abdominis

     4.rectus abdominis(腹直肌)

                     Picture resource: http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/APFallLect14.html

Youtobe:
 Muscles of the Thoracic Wall - 3D Anatomy Tutorial

 Back muscle anatomy-Trapezius, Latissimus, Rhomboid Anatomy

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