Speech
Science
☆Speech production (Anatomy & Physiology)
˙Anatomy: the
study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts
the anatomy position
Anterior-posterior/ ventral-dorsal /
cranial-caudal / medial-lateral/
proximal-distal
/ superficial-deep/ abduction-adduction/ extension-flexio
the anatomy planes
(1)Frontal (coronal/vertical/longitudinal)-前後
(2)Horizontal
(transverse/cross-section)-上下
(3)Sagittal (vertical/longitudinal)-左右
˙Physiology: how
thing moves or functions
-position achieve / movement procedure / aerodynamic
(air pressure & airflow)
-EMG: electro-myo-graohic(測量肌肉的改變) /
force
Respiratory system
▓Anatomical
Structures of External Respiration
˙the airwayàlarynx, trachea & lungs
˙the framework for breathing mechanismàvertebral, rib cage & pelvis
˙muscles of respiration
(1)
Trachea (11-12 cm long / 20
horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous rings)
-beneath cricoid & above
bifurcates
-6th cervical vertibra to 5th
thoracic vertibra
-each ring flattened posteriorly,
contact w/ esophagus
-space between the ends of
tracheal rings consist of fibrous membrane & smooth muscle
-fibrous membrane blend to form
intratracheal membrane connect trachea ring
-provides rigidity, flexibility
& mobility
(2)
Bronchi-the bronchi tree
-Bronchi---main bronchi---secondary
bronchi
-tertiary bronchi---bronchioles
-terminal
bronchioles
-alveolar ducts---alveolar
air sacs
↓
interface w/ blood capillaries(微血管)
↓diffusion
exchange O2 & CO2
(3)
Lungs (left:2/ right:3/)
-cone-shaped, spongy, light
-elastic material, but few muscle
fibers: 擴大/縮小時有1/3是肺本身的彈力
■Alveoli (肺泡)
˙air-liquid
interface over the alveoli lining
˙surface
tension(表面張力)-防止肺無限擴張 & 2/3肺彈力
-attraction of molecules for
each other at interface
-alveoli constantly to shorten
& to resist stretching
-type II alveolar cells (pulmonary surfactant) on alveolar surface
decrease surface tension
■The pleurae (肋膜)【friction-free lung &
thoracic surfaces & protective capacity】
mechanisms
˙lungs collapse & pull away from thoracic walls
˙links lungs to thoracic walls (rest: -3~-4 mmHg inspiration:-9 ~-12mmHg)
˙liquids in intrapleural space(friction-free
surface)
picture source: http://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/pleurae/
(4) Thoracic cage/Rib cage (12 pairs ribs & movement of the ribs in inhalation)
-vertebrae(脊椎) by gliding joint
-sternum(胸骨)
by synovial joint
the 1~ 7 pairs of ribs
the 8~10th (連接上面的軟骨,未直接連sternum)
the 11th & 12th are free(只接vertebrae 彈性更大)
■increases thoracic cavity
in 3 dimensions
-vertical dimension: contraction
of diaphragm
-transverse diameter: raising
& outward rotation of ribs(predominant
lower ribs)
-anteroposterior diameter: forward &
upward movement of the sternum (predominant upper ribs)
(5)
Muscles
of respiration
n
the diaphragm
n the intercostal muscles
-external intercostals (由下而上, 近胸骨無)
-internal intercostals (近椎骨無)
-subcostals (intracostals)
picture source: http://hsc.uwe.ac.uk/rcp/rs-ventilation.aspx
n
muscles of the thorax
■anterior
-pectoralis major
-pectoralis minor
-subclavius
-serratus anterior (magnum)
-transversus thoracis
■posterior
-latissimus (闊背肌)
-serratus posterior superior
-serratus posterior inferior
-levatores costarum
-quadratus lumborum (方腰肌)
-trapezius (斜方肌)
-rhomboids (菱形肌)
-erector
spinae (脊椎直肌)
-transversospinalis muscles
n muscles of the neck
1. sternocleidomastoid
2. scalene muscles (斜角肌)
-anterior scalene (3-6cervical~1st rib)
-middle scalene (2-7cervical~1st rib)
-posterior scalene (倒數3cervical~2st rib)
n abdominal musculatures
1.external oblique
2.internal oblique
3.transverses abdominis
4.rectus abdominis(腹直肌)
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