tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56377717132581598502024-03-05T17:48:16.579-08:00語言治療百寶箱Speech-Language therapy-Box ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.comBlogger100125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-78170619539743089922023-03-02T23:47:00.001-08:002023-03-02T23:47:24.631-08:00Cleft Palate-impact of Velopharyngeal Dysfunction and assessment(唇顎裂-顎咽閉合功能不全及評估)<p><u><b>唇顎裂</b></u></p><p><u><b><br /></b></u></p><p><u></u></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/csZQMbHqtl4" width="320" youtube-src-id="csZQMbHqtl4"></iframe></u></div><u><br /><b><br /></b></u><p></p><p><u><b>*</b></u><u><b>顎咽閉合功能不全對言語的影響:</b></u></p>
<p><strong>1.resonance共鳴:</strong></p>
<p>(1)hypernasality</p><pre><code> 原因: VPI,Fistula, mouth opening, tongue position
</code></pre>
<p>(2)hyponasality:</p>
<pre><code> 原因:鼻腔窄小、呼吸道後方阻塞
</code></pre><pre><code><pre>(3)Cul-de-sac resonance:</pre><pre><code> 原因: markedly deviated septum </code></pre></code></pre>
<p>(4)mixed nasality:</p>
<pre><code> 原因: pharyngeal flap
</code></pre>
<p><strong>2.articulation構音:</strong></p>
<p>(1)nasal emission </p>
<pre><code> —鼻漏氣 (此時我們可以使用鏡子放在鼻腔的下方,觀察個案說話時鏡面是否有霧氣)
</code></pre>
<p>(2)weak pressure consonants</p>
<pre><code> -所有的構音動作大都可做到但是構音所需的氣流/氣壓不足。<br /></code></pre>
<p>(3)compensatory misarticulations(代償性構音錯誤)</p><pre><code> -glottal stop
-pharyngeal stop
-pharyngeal fricative
-pharyngeal affricate
-posterior nasal fricative
</code></pre>
<p><strong>3.phonation發音</strong></p>
<pre><code>(1)Hoarseness
(2)Soft voice syndrome<br /></code></pre>
<p><u><b>*</b><b>另外和VPI有關的症狀:</b></u></p>
<p>1.Nasal grimace</p>
<p>2.Nasal regurgitation</p><p><u><b>*Velopharyngeal insufficiency assessment(</b></u><b>顎咽功能不全評估<u>)</u></b></p><p> <strong>Pittsburg Weighted speech scale (PWSS)</strong></p><p><strong><i>--Speech assessment</i></strong></p><p> Assessment by a speech-language pathologist is essential to the workup of velopharyngeal dysfunction. This begins with a perceptual speech evaluation to assess articulation, resonance, nasal airway emission and voice.</p><p>The Pittsburgh weighted speech score (PWSS), originally described in 1979 by McWilliams and Phillips is one tool that serves to grade VPI on a quantitative scale. This scale uses a standardized scoring system to evaluate a patient based on nasal air emission, facial grimace, resonance, voice quality and articulation. A sample patient assessment worksheet is shown in</p><p>
</p><p>The individual scores are summed and the total scores are used to classify patients into one of four categories of velopharyngeal function (in increasing order of dysfunction): Competence, borderline competence, borderline incompetence and incompetence.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk3Xlnr3IcElOTJ26o69MrlX7ONW_RnEwGaO6AEpmVM6sbaGnCanJ71Sbro1eSik1gCZwfojUGxaZWNCQmQ3W8KR5DtyMAfJzP2h7Ce6dFrDKWxQzKUCPziTnuZI0NMwzUQyYz6BsWViOg8f1rC-f15oBlGm1xdzKqPn_XPF2WCRbLs6PjSps2gmpA/s1072/JCleftLipPalateCraniofacAnomal_2014_1_1_4_126536_f1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1072" data-original-width="743" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk3Xlnr3IcElOTJ26o69MrlX7ONW_RnEwGaO6AEpmVM6sbaGnCanJ71Sbro1eSik1gCZwfojUGxaZWNCQmQ3W8KR5DtyMAfJzP2h7Ce6dFrDKWxQzKUCPziTnuZI0NMwzUQyYz6BsWViOg8f1rC-f15oBlGm1xdzKqPn_XPF2WCRbLs6PjSps2gmpA/s16000/JCleftLipPalateCraniofacAnomal_2014_1_1_4_126536_f1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: left;"><i><b>Reference:</b></i></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">(2014) <strong>Diagnosis and management of velopharyngeal insufficiency following cleft palate repair </strong></div><div><p><u><b><br /></b></u></p><p><u><b>*Low tech evaluation procedure</b> </u></p><p> 視覺Visual:mirror test,See scape TW </p><p> 觸覺Tacile:感覺鼻腔兩側</p><p> 聽覺Auditory:nose pitch,stethoscope,straw,listening tube</p><p>
</p><p><b><u>*儀器檢查:</u></b>nasometer,nasopharyngoscope…</p>
<!--notionvc: 63ef6092-4350-4887-92f3-b5a7dfdcb19a--></div>ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-44021335323018295762023-01-04T19:59:00.010-08:002023-01-06T00:28:48.071-08:00兒童敘述能力評估及分析<p> <b><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif;">*評估兒童敘述能力之方式</span></b></p><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">-Question/Retelling (提問/重述)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">-Think-aloud protocol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;">1. Fined a short narrative (找一個短的故事)</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;">2. Read the whole story once(整個故事讀一遍)</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span id="E956" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E956">3.</span><span id="E957" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E957"> Read one or more sentence to the child at a time(</span>一次給孩子讀一個或多個句子)</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;">4. After one or more sentence, ask the child about the question(一句或多句後,問孩子相關問題)</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span id="E961" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E961">5.</span><span id="E962" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E962"> </span><span id="E963" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E963">Classify the child’s response as accurate or inaccurate(</span> 將孩子的回答分類為正確或不正確)</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E963"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><br /></div></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;">*<span style="font-weight: bold;">Fictional stories: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span id="E969" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E969">-</span><span id="E970" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E970">施測形式</span><span id="E971" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E971">: </span><span id="E972" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E972">故事重述</span><span id="E973" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E973">/</span><span id="E974" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E974">自發說故事</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span id="E976" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E976">-</span><span id="E977" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E977">刺激物種類</span><span id="E978" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E978">: (</span><span id="E979" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E979">難</span><span id="E980" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E980"></span><span id="E982" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E982">易</span><span id="E983" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E983">)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span id="E987" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E987"> </span><span is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E987" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: underline;">props</span><span is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E987"> or </span><span id="E993" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E993" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: underline;">picture</span><span id="E994" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E994"> (</span><span id="E995" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E995">單一圖卡</span><span id="E996" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E996"></span><span id="E998" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E998">順序圖卡;</span><span id="E999" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E999">with clear problem</span><span id="E1000" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E1000"></span><span id="E1002" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E1002"> without…)</span><span id="E1003" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E1003"></span><span id="E1005" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E1005"> or </span><span id="E1006" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E1006" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: underline;">video clip</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E1006" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: underline;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 6pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E1006"><p class="x-scope qowt-word-para-0" id="E163" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E163" qowt-entry="undefined" qowt-lvl="undefined" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: underline;"><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E164" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E164" style="font-size: 12pt;">☉</span><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E165" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E165" style="font-size: 12pt;">敘事分析</span><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E166" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E166" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><p class="x-scope qowt-word-para-1" id="E167" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E167" qowt-entry="undefined" qowt-lvl="undefined" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: underline;"><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E168" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E168">☆</span><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E169" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E169">整體結構的分析方式</span></p><p class="x-scope qowt-word-para-1" id="E167" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E167" qowt-entry="undefined" qowt-lvl="undefined" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: underline;"><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E169">1.敘述型態(Applebee)分析</span></p><p class="x-scope qowt-word-para-1" id="E170" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E170" qowt-entry="undefined" qowt-lvl="undefined" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: underline;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjs1T6mIwBUyJV7Z68Tws3RbXVSdcVKattZtLzOLOEJXQNx-y01_SlttQ07pP9akwL9mk_ITzcEcoF3OWRpBL2WKVWvfGHIVnkX2leebFSsBRDwhJRrJK0kbcqax1uoDKIyv7WacQZ-1h_Ex75gPAYT8w4ANeoywTvk5Wxn-YUHYhaVMovhAfqXER8EQ/s852/2023-01-05_112617.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="852" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjs1T6mIwBUyJV7Z68Tws3RbXVSdcVKattZtLzOLOEJXQNx-y01_SlttQ07pP9akwL9mk_ITzcEcoF3OWRpBL2WKVWvfGHIVnkX2leebFSsBRDwhJRrJK0kbcqax1uoDKIyv7WacQZ-1h_Ex75gPAYT8w4ANeoywTvk5Wxn-YUHYhaVMovhAfqXER8EQ/w640-h365/2023-01-05_112617.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="x-scope qowt-word-para-3" id="E307" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E307" qowt-entry="undefined" qowt-lvl="undefined"><b><span class="qowt-font5" id="E308" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E308">2.故事文法</span><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E309" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E309">(Merritt & Liles)</span></b></p><p class="x-scope qowt-word-para-2" id="E310" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E310" qowt-entry="undefined" qowt-lvl="undefined" style="text-indent: 12pt;"><span class="qowt-font5" id="E311" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E311">(1)</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E312" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E312">故事背景</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E313" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E313">:根據社會、物理或時間情境來介紹主角的特徵及描述他的習慣動作</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E314" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E314">。</span></p><p class="x-scope qowt-word-para-2" id="E315" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E315" qowt-entry="undefined" qowt-lvl="undefined" style="text-indent: 12pt;"><span class="qowt-font5" id="E316" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E316">(2)</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E317" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E317">引發事件</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E318" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E318">:引起主角做反應的事件(例如:自然現象-地震/找東西的想法-尋找寶物)</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E319" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E319"> 。</span></p><p class="x-scope qowt-word-para-2" id="E320" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E320" qowt-entry="undefined" qowt-lvl="undefined" style="text-indent: 12pt;"><span class="qowt-font5" id="E321" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E321">(3)</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E322" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E322">內在反應</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E323" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E323">:描述主角的反應</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E324" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E324">,</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E325" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E325">(如:對引發事件的情緒反應、想法或企圖)</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E326" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E326">,提供主角</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E328" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E328">ㄧ</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E330" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E330">些</span></p><p class="x-scope qowt-word-para-2" id="E331" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E331" qowt-entry="undefined" qowt-lvl="undefined"><span class="qowt-font5" id="E332" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E332"></span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E334" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E334"> 動機並為了達到目標而產生</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E336" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E336">ㄧ個</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E338" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E338">計畫</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E339" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E339">。</span></p><p class="x-scope qowt-word-para-2" id="E340" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E340" qowt-entry="undefined" qowt-lvl="undefined" style="text-indent: 12pt;"><span class="qowt-font5" id="E341" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E341">(4)</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E342" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E342">嘗試解決問題:</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E343" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E343">主角為了達到結果所做的行為</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E344" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E344">。</span></p><p class="x-scope qowt-word-para-2" id="E345" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E345" qowt-entry="undefined" qowt-lvl="undefined" style="text-indent: 12pt;"><span class="qowt-font5" id="E346" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E346">(5)</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E347" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E347">嘗試解決後的結果:</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E348" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E348">主角的目標是成功或失敗</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E349" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E349">。</span></p><p class="x-scope qowt-word-para-2" id="E350" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E350" qowt-entry="undefined" qowt-lvl="undefined" style="text-indent: 12pt;"><span class="qowt-font5" id="E351" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E351">(6)</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E352" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E352">反應:</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E353" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E353">主角對於結果或</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E355" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E355">ㄧ</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E357" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E357">連串事件過程的情緒反應、思想或動作</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E358" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E358">。</span></p><p class="x-scope qowt-word-para-3" id="E359" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E359" qowt-entry="undefined" qowt-lvl="undefined"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvene4ksDObyzwg6z_ktsnAjFSktnIlJf_Ch9aUFGec54-eWJNkihXLZSRQdKPfR-r8c17apjLU4-16r0Z6YQY-NkstZ_MFGanV8Q4ErtYi1LtIcL8N1rNa00-bfshN4UvbEGdFBpfzR_BxfqVHS1bYSRvuc9zzTFWr8iEy_32EH-oDMUIkhrLYyhrSg/s813/2023-01-05_112628.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="813" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvene4ksDObyzwg6z_ktsnAjFSktnIlJf_Ch9aUFGec54-eWJNkihXLZSRQdKPfR-r8c17apjLU4-16r0Z6YQY-NkstZ_MFGanV8Q4ErtYi1LtIcL8N1rNa00-bfshN4UvbEGdFBpfzR_BxfqVHS1bYSRvuc9zzTFWr8iEy_32EH-oDMUIkhrLYyhrSg/w640-h328/2023-01-05_112628.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E500" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E500" style="font-weight: bold;">☆<u>細微結構的分析方式</u></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E501" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E501"> (包含:</span><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E502" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E502">詞彙選擇、句子的結構、連接詞使用</span><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E503" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E503">)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E505" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E505" style="text-indent: 12pt;">-</span><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E506" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E506" style="text-indent: 12pt;">平均語句長度</span><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E507" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E507" style="text-indent: 12pt;">(MLU)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E508" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E508" style="text-indent: 12pt;">-相異詞彙數比率</span><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E509" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E509" style="text-indent: 12pt;">(TTR)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E510" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E510" style="text-indent: 12pt;">-詞彙變化性</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E510" style="text-indent: 12pt;">-凝聚性</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E510" style="text-indent: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E510" style="text-indent: 12pt;"><qowt-page is-first-page-in-section="" named-flow="FLOW-1" style="height: 841.9pt; text-indent: 0px; width: 595.3pt;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">*故事理解:回應問題/選出符合的圖片</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="qowt-font5" id="E515" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E515" style="font-weight: bold;">*故事重述</span><span class="qowt-font5" id="E516" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E516" style="font-weight: bold;">能力</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="qowt-font5" is="qowt-word-run" qowt-eid="E516" style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVbRKR0-I2sO8ZVEM8fbkFKc9st3xfUwvwey0jcdoj6Q59JVUfacaOSt7Aa17cCS1E2xAsSBx7QgpQzXdg79i504W5AbO9yj7kpw95FnN5atmW5xYotjOQ4gnHGtBb3HMGX3nLHHWH-HQQP3f6keFnA9qRJgIbTCQQEh6uKmaARS9PbukKbYVV2hUPjQ/s792/2023-01-05_115414.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="715" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVbRKR0-I2sO8ZVEM8fbkFKc9st3xfUwvwey0jcdoj6Q59JVUfacaOSt7Aa17cCS1E2xAsSBx7QgpQzXdg79i504W5AbO9yj7kpw95FnN5atmW5xYotjOQ4gnHGtBb3HMGX3nLHHWH-HQQP3f6keFnA9qRJgIbTCQQEh6uKmaARS9PbukKbYVV2hUPjQ/w578-h640/2023-01-05_115414.png" width="578" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></div></qowt-page></span></div></span></div>ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-49414112856125266032022-04-01T21:05:00.006-07:002022-04-01T21:05:43.701-07:00初階AAC溝通軟體簡介 -"AAC溝通50+"<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">我們常想透過溝通輔具協助需要的人達成溝通自主</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">所謂的溝通自主應是<span lang="EN-US">..."</span>個案本身想要說的<span lang="EN-US">"</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">盡可能地讓其<span lang="EN-US">"</span>溝通意圖<span lang="EN-US">"</span>能傳達給他人<span lang="EN-US">…</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">藉由輔具及策略的運用提供</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">溝通機會</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; text-align: center;">即使是中重度溝通障礙者也能有機會透過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; text-align: center;">"</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; text-align: center;">溝通輔具</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; text-align: center;">"</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; text-align: center;">表達溝通</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; text-align: center;">...</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; text-align: center;">在此簡介<span lang="EN-US"> </span><b>"AAC</b></span><b style="text-align: center;">溝通<span lang="EN-US">50+"</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">是由</span><span style="background: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">瑪利亞基金會語言治療師和程式設計工程師共同合作,適用於初學者及中重度溝通障礙者的</span><span style="background: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">溝通軟體</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">。</span><span style="background: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">提供</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">50</span><span style="background: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">個基本核心詞彙供使用者用以溝通</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">也可自由編輯需要的核心詞彙</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVempk1WaEdSWprs-LMRp6kzaiaIIuSqdoKYOp5vtw80UKPf-21LmMAB_CjzZolbBfRME3GWbjkj9jTOId_uNNvMtdfEoMRzQWqDFObAeTP2FFYygSK2TXKIXsGow-xXpghuvXGKu6zx4I3RePo6aVGEJJEOOiM6AAHIilEghi4daXrEckpJbFw_EZ/s1272/2022-04-02_105200.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="764" data-original-width="1272" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVempk1WaEdSWprs-LMRp6kzaiaIIuSqdoKYOp5vtw80UKPf-21LmMAB_CjzZolbBfRME3GWbjkj9jTOId_uNNvMtdfEoMRzQWqDFObAeTP2FFYygSK2TXKIXsGow-xXpghuvXGKu6zx4I3RePo6aVGEJJEOOiM6AAHIilEghi4daXrEckpJbFw_EZ/s320/2022-04-02_105200.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrqhx7ckR57Ih7wqVLszNPsBfQo0UMoKb0c4WmX0OgzA6LNtStxGL3j4zI8IBYKfqvNmCfhW2MFxxAcytiPJnwI_6nSJdvw7LHSZpC7JXDnB0TxCtX7oH7mIPOzWyrtd-0OurLPIxcldnk3yMxMiTZcc2zMd1HYXrs2YWw01yKII_XjGVpY5pDGUzz/s418/2022-04-02_105215.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="418" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrqhx7ckR57Ih7wqVLszNPsBfQo0UMoKb0c4WmX0OgzA6LNtStxGL3j4zI8IBYKfqvNmCfhW2MFxxAcytiPJnwI_6nSJdvw7LHSZpC7JXDnB0TxCtX7oH7mIPOzWyrtd-0OurLPIxcldnk3yMxMiTZcc2zMd1HYXrs2YWw01yKII_XjGVpY5pDGUzz/s320/2022-04-02_105215.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">每個核心詞彙的類型用顏色區分</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">協助使用者及溝通者能有澄清表內容的方向</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">也提供簡單的O和X的圖案供使用則進行二選一或是表達要不要的需求</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">您也可以將核心詞彙版面印下</span><span style="background: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">,在有需求時隨時進行溝通</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d1d1f; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">。</span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">*</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">溝通輔具是一種溝通媒介<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">但別忘了<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">"</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">溝通能力<span lang="EN-US">"</span>包含非語言的溝通</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>如<span lang="EN-US">:</span>眼神</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">、</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">表情</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">、</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">手勢動作<span lang="EN-US">…</span>等<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">同時我們需要善用環境中的訊息 <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">使雙方的溝通能更順暢<span lang="EN-US">! </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">尤其對於中重度的溝通障礙者來說更是重要<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">我們應重視的是<b>溝通過程!</b></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">若是能力較佳者可以使用能提供豐富詞彙及溝通溝通的軟體...如下:</p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><p></p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOC7MB3iz2qGgYEqp6sEQ0fQrIw7OZs1JFO0lpEoliYvJg_NMHYNnCYhZ3WCxajlrSS3K6NBStUN092n2D9Ha_SoobRr3EKgnBlUf1M0ucJHDRIA5ItSzeMUe2QOo_Wo1b7rWAbA1E2IMfsf1Zgjh_JVacvlkpyAE3NTkDSNCz26TLSAH8lqcgFxBx/s1010/2022-04-02_112631.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="775" data-original-width="1010" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOC7MB3iz2qGgYEqp6sEQ0fQrIw7OZs1JFO0lpEoliYvJg_NMHYNnCYhZ3WCxajlrSS3K6NBStUN092n2D9Ha_SoobRr3EKgnBlUf1M0ucJHDRIA5ItSzeMUe2QOo_Wo1b7rWAbA1E2IMfsf1Zgjh_JVacvlkpyAE3NTkDSNCz26TLSAH8lqcgFxBx/w200-h154/2022-04-02_112631.png" width="200" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHpMrZx0AXcbPqtIuOZoqyW6Y5Lkb5gQi3bo-eBS4cSCNc3LPe6FGJLMsED5mt8g2EIyeJM40CPKbJLvyskErIfm54iGR1ot2fKyphLrzIrhxt38NW_CyRe4Gszg32CAF_9rKgSTBLtib1jnZp_hdFfSFEZLrXE9cVslL2TgQ1qhTyxqpnti4c6bBA/s1246/2022-04-02_112519.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="760" data-original-width="1246" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHpMrZx0AXcbPqtIuOZoqyW6Y5Lkb5gQi3bo-eBS4cSCNc3LPe6FGJLMsED5mt8g2EIyeJM40CPKbJLvyskErIfm54iGR1ot2fKyphLrzIrhxt38NW_CyRe4Gszg32CAF_9rKgSTBLtib1jnZp_hdFfSFEZLrXE9cVslL2TgQ1qhTyxqpnti4c6bBA/w200-h122/2022-04-02_112519.png" width="200" /></a></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>有關目前的溝通APP於第一社會福利基金會之網站已有做很完整的整理,</p><p>有需要者可進入<a href="https://aac.diyi.org.tw/assistive_device/type/23" target="_blank">相關連結</a></p><p><br /></p><p></p>ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-63071034891202899222022-04-01T19:26:00.006-07:002022-04-01T19:34:43.829-07:00語言治療相關影片<p> 喉部影片</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/C7CpkEszksI" width="320" youtube-src-id="C7CpkEszksI"></iframe></div><p>耳朵影片</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eiLTvWILViI" width="320" youtube-src-id="eiLTvWILViI"></iframe></div><br /><p></p>ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-43029051620512969272019-04-07T08:46:00.000-07:002019-04-08T00:23:10.915-07:00口腔動作發展的重要性及臭乳呆迷思<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> 口腔動作發展的重要性! 臭乳呆(構音障礙)迷思</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /><iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/CAoWXz_X7XQ/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CAoWXz_X7XQ?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2c5Z-8llhqM/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2c5Z-8llhqM?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我們常聽到人家說,</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果幼兒都只吃軟爛的食物、不喜歡咀嚼,那說話就會不清楚,會造成所謂的臭乳呆,</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但你們知道為什麼有這種說法嗎?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">又為什麼<b>單純只做口腔動作運動</b></span><b>,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">沒有辦法矯正錯誤的構音呢</span></b>? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">若您遇到孩子說話不清楚或是吃東西吃不好的情形時,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">應避免未經過專業的語言治療評估就認定是口腔動作的問題,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然後一直讓孩子重複練習無意義的口腔動作</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">因為並非所有的說話不清楚,食物吃不好就是口腔動作的問題。</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果有進食、吞嚥、構音問題,可以尋求語言治療師的協助!</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnocDXmKkwfViceK094WHnLQM0hNYY8mrzRlY8vsbeJzQLERXQR_TNu4KP_5joYWpXezjipuR9kk-lmzrGDatQ6QYUZkeMKT7lhyZAC7rUNFPlfBJXFJvH6x3AhbQb8qg5xV-riz0APGk/s1600/2019-04-07_145456.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="1530" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnocDXmKkwfViceK094WHnLQM0hNYY8mrzRlY8vsbeJzQLERXQR_TNu4KP_5joYWpXezjipuR9kk-lmzrGDatQ6QYUZkeMKT7lhyZAC7rUNFPlfBJXFJvH6x3AhbQb8qg5xV-riz0APGk/s640/2019-04-07_145456.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy8nBa2JXUdf_k2uM5sAmUynOpHR3GGGRKtSj2n_ioIEIc1QrcBpNe6-rDGHhMBsu7IS2sxjJ7wSB5OAUMU7a8WQk9rDEEHcKZv11N9XXsxo4e1AGQqwxHbNZaN6aIP117U_SWvDgUAMs/s1600/2019-04-07_145503.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="847" data-original-width="1527" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy8nBa2JXUdf_k2uM5sAmUynOpHR3GGGRKtSj2n_ioIEIc1QrcBpNe6-rDGHhMBsu7IS2sxjJ7wSB5OAUMU7a8WQk9rDEEHcKZv11N9XXsxo4e1AGQqwxHbNZaN6aIP117U_SWvDgUAMs/s640/2019-04-07_145503.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_8_Bi9QhLD76VeVsuFiFcoU4mwYCTma4O7pbYnC4gwrwcISk431rZhJSncLhPoAlpDxPL_jQ6fxXBLcSwDctR8koo_6AULtDjVe9I4xRmTTO5bbtsP90DolDtR5HTz37X-UNVauY_JNg/s1600/2019-04-07_145511.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="850" data-original-width="1520" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_8_Bi9QhLD76VeVsuFiFcoU4mwYCTma4O7pbYnC4gwrwcISk431rZhJSncLhPoAlpDxPL_jQ6fxXBLcSwDctR8koo_6AULtDjVe9I4xRmTTO5bbtsP90DolDtR5HTz37X-UNVauY_JNg/s640/2019-04-07_145511.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz4ihSZbW7Fd24x835w9c97nGYLE1lN-f2oXamLa5KvGF3KokQz6wUjZ7XWmIiXKCSfrtlFLW2AJyFNENxU_mYZ9quy3nAjHDqQSZhZdvc4-K3W5xtmAhXzsLId-O8HiRPVjKb8sgpt68/s1600/2019-04-07_145519.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="854" data-original-width="1517" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz4ihSZbW7Fd24x835w9c97nGYLE1lN-f2oXamLa5KvGF3KokQz6wUjZ7XWmIiXKCSfrtlFLW2AJyFNENxU_mYZ9quy3nAjHDqQSZhZdvc4-K3W5xtmAhXzsLId-O8HiRPVjKb8sgpt68/s640/2019-04-07_145519.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPtie3B1_6OgqYPcNl28-vltH2zKVyAXEVVTQnA93-umLCPxelVXB9to4lxGqgZsszk37MgNHN2j_5wnH9y0cLMN60VJbmwwW4QNL1GcP0h4nq2Fv5fomA74qztn6XiIfvpIG57GSJ_90/s1600/2019-04-07_145527.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="858" data-original-width="1531" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPtie3B1_6OgqYPcNl28-vltH2zKVyAXEVVTQnA93-umLCPxelVXB9to4lxGqgZsszk37MgNHN2j_5wnH9y0cLMN60VJbmwwW4QNL1GcP0h4nq2Fv5fomA74qztn6XiIfvpIG57GSJ_90/s640/2019-04-07_145527.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 當我們<b>說話發出的語音</b></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">和<b>吃東西</b>時,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 確實會使用到相同的<b>口腔部位,然後產生各自需要的動作以完成構音或吞嚥。</b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 看來發出語音、進食吞嚥的能力和口腔動作的發展有某種關聯性</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
我們可以說:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji5LPmpTgoFV7cILLJukjuabrZVBDbN56XA23tqq1gdepJm2UIVIDeszbefmOFTbdh2ly43Q12i3revUu73wmOIGb8_CAo-kG4NEaUK4lrJlaXzSCi_yHH9sU7LM4RaBuo2Drb8NMDv8Q/s1600/2019-04-07_145537.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="843" data-original-width="1501" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji5LPmpTgoFV7cILLJukjuabrZVBDbN56XA23tqq1gdepJm2UIVIDeszbefmOFTbdh2ly43Q12i3revUu73wmOIGb8_CAo-kG4NEaUK4lrJlaXzSCi_yHH9sU7LM4RaBuo2Drb8NMDv8Q/s640/2019-04-07_145537.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">但很重要的觀念是</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">,</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">當我們發出語音、進食吞嚥、或單純做口腔運動的動作,</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 在大腦所經歷的動作控制的方式是不同的!</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 而且發出正確語音或是吞嚥所要具備的能力有很多層面,不是只有口腔動作而已。</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSlxzst1jol94pehj9JqZLUilE6bBifWNOBSAKPSpfweL_coEnuUQQ5PA390ereWLvnPcFuj4mBo-cGiqZ62seOyv1e_1SKBYAEUr3bEgM7Vkt6b2R51ZtdeTEWb2RgOUZGQjVCfY7Cp4/s1600/2019-04-07_145545.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="840" data-original-width="1532" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSlxzst1jol94pehj9JqZLUilE6bBifWNOBSAKPSpfweL_coEnuUQQ5PA390ereWLvnPcFuj4mBo-cGiqZ62seOyv1e_1SKBYAEUr3bEgM7Vkt6b2R51ZtdeTEWb2RgOUZGQjVCfY7Cp4/s640/2019-04-07_145545.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiDZ8AEEbCXHPWwctRNT1e0lXKEPxX2SomFX5N4TugpnD8XdYsn56v0BkbhjEbxuReMEldsRvdrn8QNFLOYzGilwCZFTVjI04bAtR30W1N1yefcAo_DhohtY_cFEqZBm85mrnc3O3hyphenhyphenN0/s1600/2019-04-07_145600.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1524" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiDZ8AEEbCXHPWwctRNT1e0lXKEPxX2SomFX5N4TugpnD8XdYsn56v0BkbhjEbxuReMEldsRvdrn8QNFLOYzGilwCZFTVjI04bAtR30W1N1yefcAo_DhohtY_cFEqZBm85mrnc3O3hyphenhyphenN0/s640/2019-04-07_145600.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">當我們讓孩子練習舌頭舔到上嘴唇的動作</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">這樣的動作和發出ㄉ音的舌尖動作是不同的.</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 或者讓孩子做出舌頭左右移動的動作,也和咀嚼時舌頭將食物側送形成食團的動作不同.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYOmFveh5O_HX7G7H1w1i80TZdT-ghbJ2OBvsliQC7qFCWghyphenhyphenC5nvIgKBuSfFvSSs5Kdo6KSTQoKEjyDCGYKMAqiyG41oPpB3Qn52lnmFt2i3BevE6WOhEYQBsp6H1BBZiD0oDTC84FOE/s1600/2019-04-07_145606.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="856" data-original-width="1522" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYOmFveh5O_HX7G7H1w1i80TZdT-ghbJ2OBvsliQC7qFCWghyphenhyphenC5nvIgKBuSfFvSSs5Kdo6KSTQoKEjyDCGYKMAqiyG41oPpB3Qn52lnmFt2i3BevE6WOhEYQBsp6H1BBZiD0oDTC84FOE/s640/2019-04-07_145606.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHOlTlyYdKSFXImA81XQucxa1zsvks3fAuvDm6poIu86WZ5CTUypaSa3op53loDN7vHnNy8mGoV75kSHwm7D_eWO1MQVDiECLuZnE485X6NXw8oNLiNcffb9afWqvoHfwo4LzUwXPRulo/s1600/2019-04-07_145614.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="848" data-original-width="1536" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHOlTlyYdKSFXImA81XQucxa1zsvks3fAuvDm6poIu86WZ5CTUypaSa3op53loDN7vHnNy8mGoV75kSHwm7D_eWO1MQVDiECLuZnE485X6NXw8oNLiNcffb9afWqvoHfwo4LzUwXPRulo/s640/2019-04-07_145614.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB034RENjo12mErGbfln_Wg0wonrZ0SBzS7xr_tbhYNXuFRUVN_FKu76A1BL1pdXrWJ5FKkj9g4rjIWkwOow_R4CRRTq6SKiUFEpJ9zWm9xdME4yqx2bSCQ5Lpv6g3A34wY1rNc4O-cnI/s1600/2019-04-07_145621.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="849" data-original-width="1526" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB034RENjo12mErGbfln_Wg0wonrZ0SBzS7xr_tbhYNXuFRUVN_FKu76A1BL1pdXrWJ5FKkj9g4rjIWkwOow_R4CRRTq6SKiUFEpJ9zWm9xdME4yqx2bSCQ5Lpv6g3A34wY1rNc4O-cnI/s640/2019-04-07_145621.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXEHWyR0DwrjbSd69i1RB__ZXCFidcl90km9oik5Z9k0Wfa0jcUARAWjYk0yXxaoE9Hlp8tatZcdSk5luX6DTwTiyj01vl6LyRrcWV85EdBNX00CpXr8UECKa634Em6GWbCgwPZYXBxEM/s1600/2019-04-07_145628.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="847" data-original-width="1521" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXEHWyR0DwrjbSd69i1RB__ZXCFidcl90km9oik5Z9k0Wfa0jcUARAWjYk0yXxaoE9Hlp8tatZcdSk5luX6DTwTiyj01vl6LyRrcWV85EdBNX00CpXr8UECKa634Em6GWbCgwPZYXBxEM/s640/2019-04-07_145628.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNzBK5t76gNnXzjDgOPsmYcoFj68IJrovr4iaBaAWBcvVluN42vrzQnba6HnA0kyq__iqJWyLzemgBmfMrpPpPjO3OsCEIMR3kE7igbWB0lFQDA53TFa-o1aSXoLTNL7UIzdyn0Vhkujg/s1600/2019-04-07_145635.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="1523" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNzBK5t76gNnXzjDgOPsmYcoFj68IJrovr4iaBaAWBcvVluN42vrzQnba6HnA0kyq__iqJWyLzemgBmfMrpPpPjO3OsCEIMR3kE7igbWB0lFQDA53TFa-o1aSXoLTNL7UIzdyn0Vhkujg/s640/2019-04-07_145635.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIZiCKKDQWn5wtj1xoMFseuPPAyyO_tIYskuYJE77A4kbS6_CIxlCd1cr9s-fY0cz_P9tcx8tKL_xiXubBplxyC70-PVa8UkgJsOnd0AFLjJswZmLFB5jCREVS6iPUx72IRubUQgIzcfI/s1600/2019-04-07_145643.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="1524" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIZiCKKDQWn5wtj1xoMFseuPPAyyO_tIYskuYJE77A4kbS6_CIxlCd1cr9s-fY0cz_P9tcx8tKL_xiXubBplxyC70-PVa8UkgJsOnd0AFLjJswZmLFB5jCREVS6iPUx72IRubUQgIzcfI/s640/2019-04-07_145643.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7EEIhu8D5EnrVI5qm5p-lFajClXtgCt78RqvcsNi1ym09xFUOmRVkl7mCy6aLuR0MxlTIwYMToCzRhov68ekmzOLZKn17itBpsoI6sbOLyGN42GefflX-7B_N2RB6kAk7ZRxFCESzXhw/s1600/2019-04-07_145651.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="845" data-original-width="1535" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7EEIhu8D5EnrVI5qm5p-lFajClXtgCt78RqvcsNi1ym09xFUOmRVkl7mCy6aLuR0MxlTIwYMToCzRhov68ekmzOLZKn17itBpsoI6sbOLyGN42GefflX-7B_N2RB6kAk7ZRxFCESzXhw/s640/2019-04-07_145651.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKOP-Mf3ssCGKL4G4RTpm2xoBki7-ehd04zzHLUqbmpZy4jGrQgpSKGUowx06rVtfdM8hb6qUuy7Y0V4GqRsri3Yzxk6y7TNTgz8BTVYZPN1RCzdv_heiPi2OjJGMz_9k7R7kmPLUmzKU/s1600/2019-04-07_145659.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1529" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKOP-Mf3ssCGKL4G4RTpm2xoBki7-ehd04zzHLUqbmpZy4jGrQgpSKGUowx06rVtfdM8hb6qUuy7Y0V4GqRsri3Yzxk6y7TNTgz8BTVYZPN1RCzdv_heiPi2OjJGMz_9k7R7kmPLUmzKU/s640/2019-04-07_145659.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-65714408614949535222018-09-19T21:42:00.000-07:002018-09-25T02:59:25.029-07:00Literature: Safety Behaviors and Stuttering (安全行為與口吃)<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Safety Behaviors and Stuttering?</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">安全行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(safety behaviors)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">是指當我們感到威脅時</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">用來減少焦慮和恐懼的對應行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">短期而言是一種很有效的策略</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">但長期來看可能會延長焦慮的行為或是對於無威脅的情境感到害怕</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">近年</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Journal of Speech,
Language, and Hearing</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">期刊</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">有兩篇文獻探討</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">安全行為</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">和</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">口吃</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">間的關聯</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">提及有些口吃者可能也會使用</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">安全行為</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">運用在社交互動情境中</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">以下分別簡介文獻內容及整理文獻中使用的</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">安全行為表單</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">供臨床語言治療師運用之參考</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">*</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">語言治療師可藉此留意是否在臨床上將這些</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">安全行為</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">當作一種策略教導口吃個案</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">或是進一步檢視評估安全行為運用頻率之調整甚至退除的時間點</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">*</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">同時也可用以檢視個案是否自行運用了這些</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">安全行為</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">做為社交互動的策略</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">以提供個案</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">更適切的行為建議</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "segoe ui" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Safety Be haviors and
Speech Treatment for Adults Who Stutter</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dogg Helgadottir,a</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ross G. Menzies,a</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mark
Onslow,a</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ann Packman,a</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">and Sue O<i>’</i>Briana</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">1308</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Research</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Vol. 57</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">1308</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">–</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">1313</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">August 2014</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24687147"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24687147</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">摘要</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">焦慮者在試圖預防負面結果時會使用安全行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(safety
behaviors).</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">而有證據顯示這些安全行為會導致焦慮症持續存在</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">過去十年</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">安全行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">在認知行為治療的文獻中相當顯著</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">尤其是在社交焦慮的處置</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">然而口吃者對於安全行為卻是一無所知</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">這在尋求臨床協助的口吃者中有高盛行率的社交焦慮症的情況下</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">是件令人驚呀的事</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">安全行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Safety
Behaviors)"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">通常會以三種型式影響焦慮的人</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 1.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">安全行為會扭曲社交情境</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">
(safety behavior can distort</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">the social situation)</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">如</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">可能對社交情境感到焦慮和不感興趣</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 2.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">安全行為涉及了社交情境的內部過程</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">而通常會被忽略情境中正發生的事</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> (safety behaviors compound the
internal processing involved with social situations, </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> with the common result of people
missing much of what is happening in the situation.)</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 3.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">可能增加身體和認知上的焦慮症狀</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(add to
the somatic</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">and cognitive symptoms of anxiety)</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">最近的研究證實</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">安全行為通常會藉由直接阻礙</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">消退學習</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"(extinction learning)</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">讓人持續焦慮</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">. </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">換句話說那些社會焦慮者並沒有學習到社交情境的</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">安全</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">",</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">他們只是使用安全行為讓他們有成功的社交經驗</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">而非重新評估對於威脅的感知</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">相關研究指出消除安全行為者可以減少其恐懼</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">註</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">消退學習</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">在不具威脅的情境中反覆呈現所經歷過的可怕的刺激</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">藉此學習克服恐懼的事物</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">extinction learning in which a stimulus that is
experienced as frightening is repeatedly presented in a nonthreatening
environment.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> )</span><span style="font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">過去也有研究顯示接受語言治療的口吃者相較於對照組有增加社交焦慮的風險</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">一般常見的社交焦慮者的安全行為包含</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">避免眼神接觸</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">簡短回答</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">問問題前先演練</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">或是讓對話者做大部分的談話</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">....</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">而臨床上語言治療師提供的策略中那些是</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">合適的安全行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"? </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">那些可能抵制恐懼消退的安全行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">?</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">研究探討是否語言治療師給予治療策略時可能也鼓勵使用安全行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">?</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">研究方法是由臨床心理師和語言治療師製作了可能運用在治療成人口吃者時的</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">安全行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">表單</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">受試者總共為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">160</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">名語言治療師</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">勾選</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">安全行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">表單</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">內容為是否建議成人口吃者在社交情境感到焦慮時使用哪些安全行為且通常建議該策略的頻率為何</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">?(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">為五等量表</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Never/</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Almost never
/ Sometimes / Often/ Almost always)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">分析結果顯示語言治療師通常在治療口吃時會建議使用的安全行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">其因子結構可被分類以下五種安全行為的類型</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div>
<span style="min-height: 12pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-family: advtt739e07da; min-height: 10pt;">
<div style="color: #010101;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; min-height: 10pt;">(a)<b>一般安全行為(general safety behaviors) </b></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwu_zpZH8N72CoNwgRaMzsLOhYDwGj8PZDaIStfQNBUAarsaPzuQEmAUq3kQtqNX7t1RAbY8qAfC29s2Yi2C6gJGvc-zcNPX8IeHmjmn0yzWPzMQokP4PEH9r14Z-1cotACsrSkfZew2c/s1600/2018-09-20_091825.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="1368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwu_zpZH8N72CoNwgRaMzsLOhYDwGj8PZDaIStfQNBUAarsaPzuQEmAUq3kQtqNX7t1RAbY8qAfC29s2Yi2C6gJGvc-zcNPX8IeHmjmn0yzWPzMQokP4PEH9r14Z-1cotACsrSkfZew2c/s1600/2018-09-20_091825.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 10pt;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; min-height: 10pt;"><span style="color: #010101;">(b)</span><b>練習和排演(practice and rehearsal)</b></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #010101; text-align: center;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJsxwYtkApidDhSbn2vR_-UTKAfIFaVrcZHApeJu94lws8wEWugDE1sCS0TQm0iX1c5utFL3BVbokhAHrRDXy7UhhwtY40fklcmXKO7leiB1tQI630Lx3vzFjX4Ey01YjpvDNr2_IN1jQ/s1600/2018-09-20_091837.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="444" data-original-width="1368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJsxwYtkApidDhSbn2vR_-UTKAfIFaVrcZHApeJu94lws8wEWugDE1sCS0TQm0iX1c5utFL3BVbokhAHrRDXy7UhhwtY40fklcmXKO7leiB1tQI630Lx3vzFjX4Ey01YjpvDNr2_IN1jQ/s1600/2018-09-20_091837.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #010101; text-align: center;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div style="color: #010101; min-height: 10pt;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; min-height: 10pt;">(c)<b> 一般規避 (general avoidance) </b></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzshMq_BmLSsWzOZh7VXLtqBn7BXrfTuwdh_j9xh9u0vPXbkrHh-2JNbPp4Uj7TF9Qtv3zs8WmtYpVnfPU3Qx9fyt857Vts4FasZTFoLmjw0jojayX7ULshlv8tEIYXF31Jcu1Vyv35gU/s1600/2018-09-20_091849.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="1365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzshMq_BmLSsWzOZh7VXLtqBn7BXrfTuwdh_j9xh9u0vPXbkrHh-2JNbPp4Uj7TF9Qtv3zs8WmtYpVnfPU3Qx9fyt857Vts4FasZTFoLmjw0jojayX7ULshlv8tEIYXF31Jcu1Vyv35gU/s1600/2018-09-20_091849.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; min-height: 10pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 10pt;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; min-height: 10pt;"><span style="color: #010101;">(d)</span><b>選擇安全和易相處的人(choosing safe and easy people)</b></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #010101; text-align: center;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPqupT-Ts2sIP4WUdgXxKjiFbv-5Kv9lT_pgMcHi3w2rZ52IEAtr-4ceF0y6bmr5a9sUzTJmxyh4giFR2Iu__XvhpM-oh-jdxVKlHFd2HbKJZx-7KE6yyiFkRN2kHfGDbO_vBR5ME9ra4/s1600/2018-09-20_091858.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="1366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPqupT-Ts2sIP4WUdgXxKjiFbv-5Kv9lT_pgMcHi3w2rZ52IEAtr-4ceF0y6bmr5a9sUzTJmxyh4giFR2Iu__XvhpM-oh-jdxVKlHFd2HbKJZx-7KE6yyiFkRN2kHfGDbO_vBR5ME9ra4/s1600/2018-09-20_091858.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<div style="color: #010101;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; min-height: 10pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="color: #010101;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; min-height: 10pt;">(e)<b>控制相關的安全行為 (control-related safety behaviors)</b></span></span></div>
<div style="color: #010101;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE9mEZP1HI5G5_RsakWYvDGxCLEBHHd12-751Mi8fV3IVxIGTFjhSjpi7L9JYVbA1gdd3KETP3KLwenTm-kR3sch-up2QTbHHoDBS3x0F2hsuL97LTAj2kA47uomhCtAlqwGdUhu14Oa0/s1600/2018-09-20_091908.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="1368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE9mEZP1HI5G5_RsakWYvDGxCLEBHHd12-751Mi8fV3IVxIGTFjhSjpi7L9JYVbA1gdd3KETP3KLwenTm-kR3sch-up2QTbHHoDBS3x0F2hsuL97LTAj2kA47uomhCtAlqwGdUhu14Oa0/s1600/2018-09-20_091908.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">{</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">進一步檢視該數據</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">臨床常使用的建議主要在以下三個層面的安全行為有較高比例及頻率</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">練習和排演</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(practice
and rehearsal),</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">選擇安全和易相處的人</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(choosing
safe and easy people)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">控制相關的安全行為</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">
(control-related safety behaviors)}</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">在治療中運用的策略哪些是</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">合適的應對行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">及</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">安全行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">之區分如下</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">*adaptive coping behavior:</span></b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">該行為的目的是在練習良好的技巧以運用在相關社會情境</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">則為合適的應對行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">*safety behavior:</span></b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">該行為的目的是預防在說話情境中有負面的結果</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">且通常發生在說話情境之前或之中</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">該研究結論為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">需決定成人接受口吃治療而遵循臨床建議的頻率</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">此指</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">安全行為</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">策略的使用頻率</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">).</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">此外</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">需經實證確認長期追蹤這些建議是否會抵制恐懼消退</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(fear
extinction)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "segoe ui" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Safety Behaviors and
Stuttering</span></b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Robyn Lowe,a</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fjola Helgadottir,b</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ross
Menzies,a</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "segoe ui" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rob He</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Journal
of Speech, Language, and</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">1246</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hearing Research</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Vol. 60</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">1246</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">–</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">1253</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">May 2017</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">摘要</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">社交焦慮者通常在感到恐懼的社交互動中</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">會使用安全行為以預防負面結果</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">安全行為和焦慮維持以及不佳的療效有所關聯</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">因為此行為會阻礙<b>恐懼消退</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">fear extinction).</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">社交焦慮症很常與口吃共同出現</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">最近出版中有語言治療師報告在臨床上會使用可能是安全行為的建議</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">此篇研究調查成人口吃者經由自我陳述使用安全行為的情形</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advtt739e07da" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">研究對象為</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">133</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">名成人口吃者進行線上認知行為治療課程</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">他們完成一份有關在社交情境上感到焦慮時會使用的安全行為之問卷</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">計算安全行為和治療前對於害怕負面評價及消極認知分數的相關性</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">受試者需在治療課程前填寫</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advttf0797824" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">1.Fear of Negative Evaluation scale</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advttf0797824" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(FNE; Watson &
Friend, 1969) </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advttf0797824" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> The FNE is a 30-item self-report measure that
assesses the expectation and fear of negative social evaluation.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advttf0797824" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advttf0797824" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs About Stuttering</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advttf0797824" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(UTBAS; St Clare et
al., 2009)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advttf0797824" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> UTBAS is a self-report measure used to
identify negative and irrational thoughts and </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advttf0797824" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> beliefs common to people who stutter. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">備註</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">: Unhelpful
thoughts and beliefs linked to social anxiety in stuttering: development of a
measure.</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">文獻內容有提供完整的</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">UTBAS</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">量表</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">有需要者請再自行下載原文</span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18821110"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18821110</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">在近期的文獻</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> A Brief Version of the Unhelpful Thoughts
and Beliefs About Stuttering Scales The UTBAS 6 </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">J
Speech Lang Hear Res.</span><span style="background: white; color: #59331f; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 2016 Oct 1;59(5):964-972. doi:
10.1044/2016_JSLHR-S-15-0167.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27617559"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27617559</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">文獻中有提供簡版</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">UTBAS</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">並提及可免費至網站下載</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="min-height: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">以下為簡版內容</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="min-height: 12pt;">
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 1.45; min-height: 10pt;"></span><br />
<div>
<div style="min-height: 10pt;">
<div style="min-height: 12pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 1.45; min-height: 10pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnTzojqU15NHnVcRdO0zqqMnKDbcKlNskllPNvHNWbQyrxbB64WEBH807DOMlJTNDpgGad14bxdAgiiGFwL9gXTQEzTPDR3NwKn7IOKgA17yN8ES1MSjoNB9-N2C0VlDOtjaal__EZGs8/s1600/2018-09-20_120154.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="710" data-original-width="1356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnTzojqU15NHnVcRdO0zqqMnKDbcKlNskllPNvHNWbQyrxbB64WEBH807DOMlJTNDpgGad14bxdAgiiGFwL9gXTQEzTPDR3NwKn7IOKgA17yN8ES1MSjoNB9-N2C0VlDOtjaal__EZGs8/s1600/2018-09-20_120154.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 12pt;">
<span style="line-height: 1.45; min-height: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 12pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 1.45; min-height: 10pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">3.</span></b><b><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advttf0797824" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Safety
Behavior Questionnaire</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 1.45; min-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">以下為該研究使用的安全行為量表</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">研究者修正</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2014</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">量表內容</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">翻譯內容僅供參考</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="min-height: 10pt;">
<div>
<span style="line-height: 1.45; min-height: 10pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsT0jvqBdld3cYyHtuh2rVbeH0JaWZsET8PX5G-3K3MGMQVUNH6avS_NQNxkRHS14F-IN3UHKPqeTRQNv20keImJ-0_jwqhG597tV7CRembl3HBYFvHokaV763YlivFfkxYb-r4C7GVvI/s1600/2018-09-20_095616.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="905" data-original-width="738" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsT0jvqBdld3cYyHtuh2rVbeH0JaWZsET8PX5G-3K3MGMQVUNH6avS_NQNxkRHS14F-IN3UHKPqeTRQNv20keImJ-0_jwqhG597tV7CRembl3HBYFvHokaV763YlivFfkxYb-r4C7GVvI/s1600/2018-09-20_095616.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 12pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">結果顯示在</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">133</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">名中有</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">132</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">名報告有使用安全行為</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">而且有很多的安全行為和較高的害怕負面評價及消極認知分數有關聯</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span><br />
<div style="-en-clipboard: true; min-height: 10pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 1.45; min-height: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 1.45; min-height: 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">結論</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">成人口吃者報告會使用安全行為</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">而這些安全行為和治療前對於害怕負面評價以及口吃無益想法</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advtt739e07da" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">unhelpful
thoughts about stuttering.)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">有關聯</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">結果顯示安全行為的負面影響可能會在口吃者身上發生</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #292526; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">但這也需要進一步的研究</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "" "advttf0797824" "" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 1.45; min-height: 10pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 1.45; min-height: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="line-height: 1.45; min-height: 10pt;">
</span></div>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-65340783409887411812018-05-11T22:05:00.003-07:002018-07-29T19:48:45.458-07:00兒童期言語失用症:治療 (childhood apraxia of speech treatment)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/TUUwJFPKL2I/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TUUwJFPKL2I?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ7kvLGz3d7AgBuokF6eC4OmnCSwtCtw65qgKK2giScSES_S0KeDlqaweBlaNTNiTLDINRhjn1j1280SsFXAoRdThsXBdLbp9zpjZadn4iv4-FlsFRpvQLEygMQb1CX0lYs9_s-gzKEdQ/s1600/2018-05-12_111818.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="925" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ7kvLGz3d7AgBuokF6eC4OmnCSwtCtw65qgKK2giScSES_S0KeDlqaweBlaNTNiTLDINRhjn1j1280SsFXAoRdThsXBdLbp9zpjZadn4iv4-FlsFRpvQLEygMQb1CX0lYs9_s-gzKEdQ/s640/2018-05-12_111818.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTGVQWiMhdvGEnRhCxAjvKb0-0TFBK63_XHyT_nWjkS8OVY1MvXfMYMkYHEf_6eoKcRthAoLIpHkuYmuPgl0xR79kn0x08r7YOnNTdsikUORhZrNJarew2NY9mAN9CsfLf4c-VcGfxLkg/s1600/2018-05-12_111850.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="924" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTGVQWiMhdvGEnRhCxAjvKb0-0TFBK63_XHyT_nWjkS8OVY1MvXfMYMkYHEf_6eoKcRthAoLIpHkuYmuPgl0xR79kn0x08r7YOnNTdsikUORhZrNJarew2NY9mAN9CsfLf4c-VcGfxLkg/s640/2018-05-12_111850.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;"> 兒童期言語失用症的治療</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">目標應針對整體的溝通和語言技巧</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">, </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;"><span lang="ZH-TW">包含增加言語的輸出及清晰度及使用溝通輔具提升溝通能力</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">動作言語障礙需要重複的計畫</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">程序和輸出練習</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">因此對於兒童期言語失用症兒童來說</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">給予密集性和個別化的練習是必要的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">有很多兒童期言語失用症兒童也存有音韻和語言能力的受損</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,因此</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">在計畫治療內容時</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">也須考慮</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">動作對語言上影響的程度</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">。</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpo4GgUFU_NvXC8RFudtEgAjKzG5RSyZuDvGbJLQvnge9jQST1EzKlB_A60BsXcLP0UlP8EzzvNVUpESw3PmsXYdoV2-DDc4y90Tya1eSPoFevcj3KkIsicLGq89QjxUPyMgqGU6yeuao/s1600/2018-05-12_112040.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="922" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpo4GgUFU_NvXC8RFudtEgAjKzG5RSyZuDvGbJLQvnge9jQST1EzKlB_A60BsXcLP0UlP8EzzvNVUpESw3PmsXYdoV2-DDc4y90Tya1eSPoFevcj3KkIsicLGq89QjxUPyMgqGU6yeuao/s640/2018-05-12_112040.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">以下簡介美國聽語學會所提及兒童期言語失用症的各種治療策略</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">須留意的是以下介紹並非包含所有針對兒童期言語失用症的治療</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">.</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_091mU8iX1MP1voHBiqJ4qLSiF7kXEWcCnFrM4LMy9uMqG_EtGPG165NGb7-R1Jq0IS8hwtUCjbtl35L44GIm_HXyp9z4qnzeUYPgjs_hFEBfEcyTAHB25cMkXtyUCfXsXtcoDs3QgdI/s1600/2018-05-12_124653.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="907" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_091mU8iX1MP1voHBiqJ4qLSiF7kXEWcCnFrM4LMy9uMqG_EtGPG165NGb7-R1Jq0IS8hwtUCjbtl35L44GIm_HXyp9z4qnzeUYPgjs_hFEBfEcyTAHB25cMkXtyUCfXsXtcoDs3QgdI/s640/2018-05-12_124653.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">動作計畫取向基於動作計畫的原則</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">, </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">他們提供頻繁且密集地言語目標練習</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">. </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">聚焦在言語動作的精確性</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">包含外在感覺輸入以產生言語</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">如</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">聽覺</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">視覺</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">觸覺和認知提示</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">).</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">謹慎的考量練習情境</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">如</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">:</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><wbr style="color: #58595b; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"></wbr>隨機或是固定目標的練習<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="line-height: 107%;">並提供適切的回饋</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM9jnAFMAl0R-eR35r8NNDL5z7Zs_2RqacPS5pwHvIxIPWZx3TUr3vLuKh_jhnFoFtMnoEP-0J-vKpJ9pJ0zOh5n6SI_xABJuGuUENcLssSpq7MB0huFucxpR9OU1Sn9ryE1nTQ4srN18/s1600/2018-05-12_124706.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="655" data-original-width="907" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM9jnAFMAl0R-eR35r8NNDL5z7Zs_2RqacPS5pwHvIxIPWZx3TUr3vLuKh_jhnFoFtMnoEP-0J-vKpJ9pJ0zOh5n6SI_xABJuGuUENcLssSpq7MB0huFucxpR9OU1Sn9ryE1nTQ4srN18/s640/2018-05-12_124706.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb-l5JtuhZQjj-hZXWpPGk8JDEVVuyJqZ7qd3E5ZE_tGhZJr9BMQjVdhJiKky3yZ-8ppgUTAvRTB0CwXe1yIGOTfbBzXrH9-QCalKWX1FJPxsTELsxHVjG3XZzKTYdaDWslA9xnkWN_pw/s1600/2018-05-12_124722.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="672" data-original-width="912" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb-l5JtuhZQjj-hZXWpPGk8JDEVVuyJqZ7qd3E5ZE_tGhZJr9BMQjVdhJiKky3yZ-8ppgUTAvRTB0CwXe1yIGOTfbBzXrH9-QCalKWX1FJPxsTELsxHVjG3XZzKTYdaDWslA9xnkWN_pw/s640/2018-05-12_124722.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">K-SLP</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">是基於行為原則</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">重點在兒童的動作言語技巧</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: DFKai-SB;">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">塑型子音</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: DFKai-SB;">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">母音</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">且音節的塑型則從兒童較可以做出的動作言語開始著手</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: DFKai-SB;">。</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><br /></span></span>
</span><br />
<div dir="auto" style="border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">言語和語言可以被拆解成更小的單位</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">如</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">子音</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">母音</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><wbr></wbr>音節和字詞</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">), </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">且可以逐漸被建立回目標行為</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">如</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">與年齡相符的言語動作和語言表達技巧</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">). </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">使用線索</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">退除線索</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">在失敗前給予提示</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">錯誤教學</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">).</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">使用強大的<wbr></wbr>增強策略</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">動作學習原則</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">).</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">在課堂上增加許多回應</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><wbr></wbr>並使用各種作業以避免過度類化</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">在這方法下</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">成功的接近目標字詞是需要被增強的</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><wbr></wbr>給予孩子成功的路徑</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">讓孩子成為有效的發聲者</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVvnFDR8KnrFMwZAP1hE3nz7BWGgPcy-cpM3FVd-F5LHaCEI45kqba-c8kWvC8h1_aDS9kXYlrT9ZbqZv0Df-EixYbktykzsc2t8eEor9fQK-YY8AxGG-Xycy_oqarai5uWipsHM-Z7ZA/s1600/2018-05-12_124742.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="913" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVvnFDR8KnrFMwZAP1hE3nz7BWGgPcy-cpM3FVd-F5LHaCEI45kqba-c8kWvC8h1_aDS9kXYlrT9ZbqZv0Df-EixYbktykzsc2t8eEor9fQK-YY8AxGG-Xycy_oqarai5uWipsHM-Z7ZA/s640/2018-05-12_124742.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">NDP3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">是一種動作技巧學習取向</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">強調動作計畫技巧和言語的輸出</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">是一種由下往上的取向</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">從一個言語核心單位</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">音素</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">和簡單音節建立正確的言語。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">而</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">聲韻覺識技巧中的最小配對差異也和該策略共同使用。</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: large;"> the "bottom-up" concept:</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVXgc1gmETFp31qLhPf78YNCdwNsBn_I3iJD18P6yDb2mbl3QdAUdBGYhhPP2qIGVTU6WFZrpBU7Hf5YK7tIRbYy4MkFnB7ywF8vb9sl4LqWerd3gZiCJZDs3cwByC926gUlW1TDp6TdE/s1600/2018-05-10_201606.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="713" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVXgc1gmETFp31qLhPf78YNCdwNsBn_I3iJD18P6yDb2mbl3QdAUdBGYhhPP2qIGVTU6WFZrpBU7Hf5YK7tIRbYy4MkFnB7ywF8vb9sl4LqWerd3gZiCJZDs3cwByC926gUlW1TDp6TdE/s640/2018-05-10_201606.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkjsCowgNdvRvhbvouM3VNW5VQykh5Xqfy9N4ajOSuMwBV4UwIETlHWqAvXAVkNh73uSEIykcPz3i485RdtsWl-HAAWLhbXNSKA1ujrQ0tz051DKWY03GRvaWDdss5BKCn6Lb1RwWO8uo/s1600/2018-05-12_124759.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="672" data-original-width="908" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkjsCowgNdvRvhbvouM3VNW5VQykh5Xqfy9N4ajOSuMwBV4UwIETlHWqAvXAVkNh73uSEIykcPz3i485RdtsWl-HAAWLhbXNSKA1ujrQ0tz051DKWY03GRvaWDdss5BKCn6Lb1RwWO8uo/s640/2018-05-12_124759.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">Rapid Syllable Transition
Treatment (ReST)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">快速音節轉換治療也是運用動作學習原則</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><wbr></wbr>讓</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">CAS</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">兒童能夠在最大化長時間的維持及類化言語技巧</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">ReST</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">涉及多音節的產生</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><wbr></wbr>其認為可以從假語音的練習改善言語聲音產出的正確性</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><wbr></wbr>快速且流暢的轉換一個聲音或是音節到下一個音節</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">, </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">且控制字詞中的音節重音</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">假字的使用能發展及練習新的言語形式</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><wbr></wbr>並不會受到既存的錯誤言語形式干擾</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEAFDbZKqg6Y0rEdP56c4gi0pAqIYOcYAuSrRPuixgh1NPGNd2fbRF8L7OPIO044prWoCHbI5-JtEMF_9eAJFHYLpweODOirPgnEcnqUNdqeXQ-PKiVUkW8HXK2d3W59ABLtMgQhe01Cs/s1600/2018-05-12_124809.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="901" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEAFDbZKqg6Y0rEdP56c4gi0pAqIYOcYAuSrRPuixgh1NPGNd2fbRF8L7OPIO044prWoCHbI5-JtEMF_9eAJFHYLpweODOirPgnEcnqUNdqeXQ-PKiVUkW8HXK2d3W59ABLtMgQhe01Cs/s640/2018-05-12_124809.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">語言取向的治療強調語言和音韻學中關於言語的要素</span><span lang="ZH-TW">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">彈性及功能性的溝通</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">以協助</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">兒童內化音韻規則</span><span lang="ZH-TW">。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW">有一</span><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">重要觀念是</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">語言取向的治療是支持動作取向的治療而非取代動作取向的治療</span></span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW">。</span></b></span><br />
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggpq34yNkn3cL9jaXCoXeHkssm9yxgJkOhlXOcTq_hF91THu8NyVnPJndLljQIf3RbE4DOhnfefLpaRJwmuo9wFpMjsVSE9iEofR5AAmlVaVoaCO_ka0JIALvKnrG3kHv7Qon-U5qEq40/s1600/2018-05-12_124828.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="917" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggpq34yNkn3cL9jaXCoXeHkssm9yxgJkOhlXOcTq_hF91THu8NyVnPJndLljQIf3RbE4DOhnfefLpaRJwmuo9wFpMjsVSE9iEofR5AAmlVaVoaCO_ka0JIALvKnrG3kHv7Qon-U5qEq40/s640/2018-05-12_124828.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">循環治療取向主要是針對高度言語不清晰的兒童</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">如</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">有許多的省略</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB;">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">替代和有限的子音</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">目標是在一個短期的週期內提升言語清晰度</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB;">。</span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">整合聲韻覺識介入主要是針對學前和年幼的學齡言語或語言障礙兒童</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">以刺激誘發言語產生</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">聲韻覺識和文字與聲音的知識</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB; line-height: 107%;">。</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz94pR3F1zewjPJWrowTBlqxFGXGRiOLdemV-JDCh4J9hIb2Nxi6kcBOXSuT91OOYMFrzAe4_PIpIUEqdvYyXFAVLHR27Hk1TC50Ug-GBSS-gDxJCnjDgDCwELhGsPQEK7smby3PuckbE/s1600/2018-05-12_124850.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="909" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz94pR3F1zewjPJWrowTBlqxFGXGRiOLdemV-JDCh4J9hIb2Nxi6kcBOXSuT91OOYMFrzAe4_PIpIUEqdvYyXFAVLHR27Hk1TC50Ug-GBSS-gDxJCnjDgDCwELhGsPQEK7smby3PuckbE/s640/2018-05-12_124850.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">IS是一種練習動作姿勢以產生言語的方法</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">包含模仿且強調多種感覺模型</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">讓兒童聽到且看到臨床者如何產生目標音並進一步模仿</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: DFKai-SB;">。</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">DTTC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">是</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">其中</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">一種介入方式</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">使用階層性的提示和有系統性的減少協助讓孩子達成每一個階層性的提示目標</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: DFKai-SB;">。</span> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;">(有興趣者可參考另一篇已整理</span><a href="https://st-box.blogspot.tw/2017/05/dttc-for-cas-8-steps-for-aos.html" style="background-color: white; font-size: x-large;" target="_blank">DTTC</a><span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;">內容的文章)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi71-06kBweJByqFA_KMolQpUK0bzX96_r5BD78xbyBixgMkd-hzDunCQ7BsxcuORROYiNRxOL6zim7yoZNqYc9ggbn13ftgQj0yb6XgD-fg63xvpl_RQ6pnsrIfoZ8rYWIm1eZX3AJTzY/s1600/2018-05-12_124903.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="913" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi71-06kBweJByqFA_KMolQpUK0bzX96_r5BD78xbyBixgMkd-hzDunCQ7BsxcuORROYiNRxOL6zim7yoZNqYc9ggbn13ftgQj0yb6XgD-fg63xvpl_RQ6pnsrIfoZ8rYWIm1eZX3AJTzY/s640/2018-05-12_124903.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div dir="auto" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">許多用於</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">CAS</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">的治療都包含感覺得輸入</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">如</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">視覺</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">聽覺</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><wbr></wbr>本體感覺和觸覺提示</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">),</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">以教導依連續的言語動作</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><wbr></wbr>不同的感覺提示可以分開使用或是結合使用</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">, </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">在動作學習上回饋是很重要的層面</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><wbr></wbr>這些外在的提示可以促發言語動作</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><wbr></wbr>尤其是當孩子無法從內部感覺獲得足夠的回饋</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">提供直接的觸覺輸入以誘發正確的言語產出</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">使用這些方法時</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><wbr></wbr>語言治療師會運用壓力或其他的碰觸在兒童的臉</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><wbr></wbr>頸部和頭部以提供觸覺提示做出正確的言語動作或產出</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 15px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>PROMPT</b></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">是</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">基於觸覺壓力</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB;">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">運動知覺和本體感受提示的動態觸覺治療方法</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">語言治療師透過手給予提示並誘發構音動作且幫助孩子限制不必要的動作。</span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">visual cueing:</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">提供構音器官的形狀</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">位置和動作的提示</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">視覺提示可以是手勢</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">如</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">簡單的手語或是更多先進的方法</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">如</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">:<a href="http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/physiology/epg/epgnotes.html" target="_blank">electropalatography readouts,</a> ultrasound images.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">電腦化的言語程式</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">或是提供其他型式的生理回饋</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">...</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">等</span></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc4a_QwG-UeqiHmWDmuFYuOHayssgPw-0wJEcA8I0Cg9R3CzDO6sq1fZ1z5Oxr5fHu7vXH5nT-Y8TBA_zmdqBnRsie6uqkhtTyPUSItUXiq1Pbb_GoAM8Er_FqCm0-b0-ZluhX1oEvVR4/s1600/2018-05-12_124917.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="666" data-original-width="905" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc4a_QwG-UeqiHmWDmuFYuOHayssgPw-0wJEcA8I0Cg9R3CzDO6sq1fZ1z5Oxr5fHu7vXH5nT-Y8TBA_zmdqBnRsie6uqkhtTyPUSItUXiq1Pbb_GoAM8Er_FqCm0-b0-ZluhX1oEvVR4/s640/2018-05-12_124917.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">韻律誘發治療是使用語調模式</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">旋律</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">節律和重音</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">來改善言語輸出功能</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">, </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">旋律語調治療</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
(MIT)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">為該治療取向</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">透過唱歌</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">節律的言語及打節拍等方式</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">(有興趣者可參考另一篇已整理</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://st-box.blogspot.tw/2016/04/aphasia-treatment-melodic-intonation.html" target="_blank">MIT</a></span><span style="background-color: white;">內容的文章)</span></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwCz17od6ELMtrtb67Bf8UJc2i1BunOOSFoyfKYTogMgfNp2t0mR4pizhU8p_Beq-kyVq5y-0tDcvW9vrC93WLx-p0kWEDmWjXHuyIplaZC8YgYQU57DucShjdWx_HN44lm1RcK76pX9w/s1600/2018-05-12_125001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="908" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwCz17od6ELMtrtb67Bf8UJc2i1BunOOSFoyfKYTogMgfNp2t0mR4pizhU8p_Beq-kyVq5y-0tDcvW9vrC93WLx-p0kWEDmWjXHuyIplaZC8YgYQU57DucShjdWx_HN44lm1RcK76pX9w/s640/2018-05-12_125001.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">另外</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">也可以使用溝通輔助層面</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">透過符號表徵協助或替代自然的言語或書寫</span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">如</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">圖片溝通、線條圖、</span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "cambria math" , serif;">⋯</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">或 非輔助符號表徵</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">如</span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">手語、手勢、指拼法</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;">…<span lang="ZH-TW">等方式。</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-TW">臨床上仍須由語言治療師經過評估後而提供相關的建議及介入</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-41491203904678573992018-04-27T22:29:00.001-07:002018-04-27T22:29:29.423-07:00兒童期語暢異常:治療<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-nrwjXBLvA5JpqZDMOz03Ibl8qtsJNcjV0A8YfXZpoGthsN2XQX9oZK5KmXs7nhVd0l2f5hC8GuET8hkvYtXfzbcvhOi80ccFy7Ny7wkQ_mSBMVYjL_hy9iSI1dYq7AzK4fTwZlOaYsk/s1600/2018-04-28_132729.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="814" height="475" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-nrwjXBLvA5JpqZDMOz03Ibl8qtsJNcjV0A8YfXZpoGthsN2XQX9oZK5KmXs7nhVd0l2f5hC8GuET8hkvYtXfzbcvhOi80ccFy7Ny7wkQ_mSBMVYjL_hy9iSI1dYq7AzK4fTwZlOaYsk/s640/2018-04-28_132729.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 12pt;">語暢問題的治療是具個別化且基於評估其言語流暢性</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 12pt;">語言因素</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 12pt;">情緒及態度要素與對生活的影響而決定</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 12pt;">多數語暢問題的兒童都會面臨其可觀察到的不流暢行為和對生活的影響</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 12pt;">如</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 12pt;">負向的互動回饋</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 12pt;">對於說話情境轉換的困難</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 12pt;">都可能會影響到兒童的生活品質</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Treatment Approaches: Preschool Children Who Stutter</span></b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學齡前口吃兒童之治療</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">⊙</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">treatment
approach </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">治療的取向</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">針對</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家長及孩子</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的策略</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-parent-focused strategies</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-child-focused strategies </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">⊙</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">goals of treatment</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white; color: black;">(</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">治療的目標</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-eliminate, greatly reduce
stuttering (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">減少口吃行為</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-help children manage their
stuttering (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">幫助孩子控制口吃</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-not develop negative emotional
reactions related to their stuttering (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不讓孩子對口吃發展負面情緒</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">語言治療師</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與家長一起察覺孩子的行為</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學齡前口吃兒童的治療將家長納入治療的過程是重要的</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為家長對口吃的認識及針對孩子的口語及非口語的支持都有助於減少孩子對口吃發展負面態度</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 5;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indirect
</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">間接治療</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>counseling families about how to make
changes in their own speech and how to make changes </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">in </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> their child's environment. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-reducing communication rate</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-using indirect prompts rather than direct
questions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-recasting/rephrasing to model fluent speech<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重點在與家長諮商</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家長可以如何改變自己的說話方式及孩子的說話環境</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">包含大人放慢</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自己溝通速度</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">使用間接地暗示而不是用直接的問題回應</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重新示範如何流暢的說話</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 5;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Direct
</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">直接治療</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>changing the child's speech in order to
facilitate fluency<span style="color: #58595b;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-speech modification and
stuttering modification strategies </span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">reduce disfluency rate, physical tension, and
secondary behaviors <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">children's communication
attitudes </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">直接改變孩子的言語以誘發其流暢性</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">言語的修正及口吃修正策略</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">包含</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">減少不流暢的比率</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">身體張力及次要行為</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">孩子的溝通態度</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">.</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 5;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operant
</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">操作治療</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The principles of operant conditioning and
uses a response contingency to reinforce the child <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for fluent speech and redirect disfluent speech.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基於操作制約的原理</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">增強孩子流暢的言語和重新建立流暢的言語</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">口吃的治療不僅僅是處理表層的不流暢問題</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">也應考量口吃者個人的溝通經驗</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">包含日常生活中個人</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">環境情境及活動的情形</span>.<span lang="ZH-TW">這才是最重要的</span>.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Treatment
Approaches: School-Age Children and Adolescents Who Stutter</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(<span lang="ZH-TW">學齡兒童及青少年口吃者之治療</span>)</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">⊙</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">goals of treatment</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-increasing fluency</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> (<span lang="ZH-TW">增加流暢性</span>)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-increasing acceptance of stuttering and of
being a person who stutters<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">接受口吃及身為口吃者</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-reducing secondary behaviors, minimizing
avoidance, improving communication skills<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">減少次要行為</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">逃避以改善溝通技巧</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-increasing self-confidence, managing
bullying effectively, and ultimately, minimizing the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adverse impact of stuttering on the child's
life <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提升自我信心</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">處理校園霸凌</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以減少口吃對個案生活的影響</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">For example</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: desensitization exercises</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<span style="background: white;">and by</span> <span style="background: white;">educating
the child's peers about.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">減敏感練習及教育同儕對於口吃的了解</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h5 style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #1d3b77; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h5>
<h5 style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">依據</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ICF: Strategies For Reducing Impairment In Body Function<o:p></o:p></span></h5>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">⊙</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speech
Modification Strategies</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(fluency shaping) </span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the aim to make</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white; color: #58595b; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">changes to the timing and tension of speech production or that alter the
timing of pauses between syllables and words.</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原理在於改變言語產生的時間點及張力或是轉變音節和字詞間的暫停之時間</span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rate control</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">速度控制</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">continuous phonation </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">連續發聲</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">prolonged syllables, </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拉長音節</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">easy onset,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">輕鬆起始</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">light articulatory contact. </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">輕輕地構音</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有些兒童對於口吃會感到不好意思</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或是對於策略有負面的感覺</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">通常是因為他們覺得聲音不自然</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這也是臨床上須留意的地方</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">⊙</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stuttering
Modification Strategies (Reducing Physical Tension/Struggle) </span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aim to reduce
associated physical tension and struggle by helping children to identify core
stuttering behaviors, recognize physical concomitant behaviors, locate the
point of physical tension and struggle during moments of disfluency, and
ultimately reduce that physical tension.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">協助孩子去辨識口吃行為</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">生理伴隨行為</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當口吃發生時找出生體的張力所在以減少生理性張力</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">幫助孩子學習言語機轉及如何控制流暢及不流暢言語讓孩子能修正</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">增加自我覺察及自我監控技巧</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以幫助孩子減少不流暢的干擾</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也讓孩子能更進一步處理減少張力及干擾溝通的情形</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">其治療策略包含</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">preparatory set</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-pull-out<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-cancellation</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">策略的選擇依據個案什麼時候</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">抓到</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不流暢</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發生不流暢的當下或是在發生不流暢前</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">◎</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所有策略的運用需考量在不同的階層性的說話情境</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">包含語言層面及環境中壓力的層級</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">⊙</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Increasing Speech Efficiency (Reducing Word
Avoidance) </span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some
children develop speech habits to escape or avoid moments of overt stuttering,
such as changing words or using interjections (e.g., "um,"
"uh") and may become so skilled at hiding stuttering that their
speech appears to be fluent.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有些兒童會發展自己的言語習慣</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">逃避口吃</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如改變字詞或是只用插入音</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以隱藏它們的口吃情形讓言語呈現流暢</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這逃避的代價可能是很大的</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為會影響他們真正想說的內容</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這些兒童可能從治療策略中獲益</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">改善言語效度和增加自發性的對話</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">讓他們能說出想說的事</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">可能會出現很多表層的口吃</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而兒童學習到在說話時能更有自信</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於自己溝通的能力有正向的態度</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">且更有能力去接受及處理口吃的發生</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 5;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">⊙</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strategies
For Reducing Negative </span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reactions</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">減少負向行為</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1.</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Desensitization
</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">減敏感</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Desensitization
strategies help speakers systematically desensitize themselves to their fears
about speaking and stuttering by facing those fears in structured, supportive
environments. One example of a desensitization activity is the use of voluntary
stuttering (“pseudostuttering”) in different situations where the client might
fear the occurrence of real moments of stuttering .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有系統性的減低口吃者對於說話和口吃的恐懼</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.. </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">如</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假裝口吃行為</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">可</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在不同的情境</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中練習</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.C</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ognitive Restructuring </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認知重建</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cognitive
restructuring is designed to help speakers change the way they think about
themselves and their speaking situations</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">幫助口吃者改變對自己的看法及它們說話的情境</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.Self-Disclosure </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自我披露</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Self-disclosure
involves communicating to others information that reveals one's identity as a
person who stutters. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">向他人溝通說明口吃者相關的訊息</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">如</span>:<span lang="ZH-TW">談論什麼是口吃</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">口吃的治療</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">口吃的症狀</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">如何回應口吃者</span>…<span lang="ZH-TW">等</span>. <span lang="ZH-TW">如果是學齡兒童可以藉由老師或語言治療師於班上說明口吃相關的訊息</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Support
</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">支持</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Support (both
giving and receiving) can be valuable for improving attitudes, boosting
self-confidence, and reducing feelings of isolation</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">支持</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">可以改變態度</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">建立自我信心及減少孤立感</span>. <span lang="ZH-TW">在治療取向中可以提供在安全情境學習策略然後逐漸類化該技巧</span>.<span lang="ZH-TW">可於團體治療建立支持活動</span>.<span lang="ZH-TW">或是參與自助團體</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">如</span>:</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FRIENDS-The
National Association of Young People Who Stutter, the National Stuttering
Association (NSA)</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">提供口吃者及家屬相關的支持團隊也是臨床重要的一環</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">.</span><span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 5;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">依據</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ICF</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, </span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strategies
For Reducing Activity Limitations And Participation Restrictions:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 5;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">⊙</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Generalization
Activities<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">協助孩子將技巧運用在不同的情境中</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">如</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">:<span lang="ZH-TW">同儕進入治療室中</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">計畫在教室中使用的策略</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">打電話或是購物的情境</span>…<span lang="ZH-TW">等</span>.<span lang="ZH-TW">需考量個別差異</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">以及所提供情境中語言技巧及環境壓力等層面</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Need to consider the individual's profile prior
to developing generalization activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">assignments adhere to a hierarchy of
linguistic skills and environmental stressors. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">⊙</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Accommodations
At School and In the Community</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-using audio/video recording,</span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<span style="background: white; color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-increasing the time provided for an oral
reading or presentation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 3.75pt 0in 7.5pt; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 12pt;"> -providing
an alternative assignment to oral reading</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 3.75pt 0in 7.5pt; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="color: #58595b; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 12pt;"> -altering
the size of the group or audience.</span></div>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-86650583783353669582018-03-17T05:41:00.000-07:002018-03-17T06:22:27.780-07:00Kids' pages <div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Kids' pages </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">這個網站提供很多免費的教材</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">包含日常圖卡</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">學習單</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> .</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">著色圖</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">故事</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">拼圖遊戲</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">....</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">等</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">雖然為英文網站</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">但仍是可以當作臨床教材使用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">或是家長要自己教導小孩</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">也可以唷</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">!)</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">如</span><span style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">教導詞彙的理解或表達</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">兒童</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">成人失語症也適用</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">配對概念</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">如</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">可將圖片印兩份</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">再剪開</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">就可以進行配對遊戲</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">看圖說故事</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">拼圖活</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">動:可以讓孩子觀察</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">並描述</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">著色</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">可以一邊讓孩子著色</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">一邊說出圖片特徵</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">**</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">活動的過程中都可以進行討論</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">..</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">加強特定的概念</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">以下簡介網站可以運用在臨床上的教材</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">點選</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">"Flashcards"
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">裡面提供已分類的圖卡</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">如</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">: </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">動作詞</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">/</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">動物</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">/</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">浴室</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijYjHw2kDaQe3ODml1XnWzRCZi1wyoWFghAJAa0S0gyNxs-orxnuzvVusjAc9YTPrfyHU9ErBkIqfJzamELden8Vrrb_eI_rUX0BVLQ8wAR3gPv7hnykviZyqWXdGeKv8hRFyEtnO3-6g/s1600/2016-01-02_191659.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijYjHw2kDaQe3ODml1XnWzRCZi1wyoWFghAJAa0S0gyNxs-orxnuzvVusjAc9YTPrfyHU9ErBkIqfJzamELden8Vrrb_eI_rUX0BVLQ8wAR3gPv7hnykviZyqWXdGeKv8hRFyEtnO3-6g/s640/2016-01-02_191659.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
有彩色的閃卡 可以下載<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkmoCWli18ekJ5_j26plJBn3Lqid_47JZZScvAZ4Er0O3hK1AXl57wsbSnkGB0XeW_qB7pgyHIprAaJUskGVbqGc7x5zuJ-y-iTXZ6VL5iqFKBxwjtTtekQFfD4EnqaqohDkP_LHdu6mU/s1600/2016-01-02_192226.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkmoCWli18ekJ5_j26plJBn3Lqid_47JZZScvAZ4Er0O3hK1AXl57wsbSnkGB0XeW_qB7pgyHIprAaJUskGVbqGc7x5zuJ-y-iTXZ6VL5iqFKBxwjtTtekQFfD4EnqaqohDkP_LHdu6mU/s640/2016-01-02_192226.jpg" width="541" /></a></div>
<br />
點選Worksheets (學習單)<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWyeGkzMaSGm6BdBm-AKA_jcgzc2mhzM5ngs6q66wpY8HwoF3PMeUfmuxvzwKZZUG9F7__WUUAvHiykEd5VUxovEZIW5YZWmk2DIxRcIoVVt7NUY84JwCHjRzMEVpNRV4VoPYTj9Rwb5o/s1600/2018-03-17_204817.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="690" data-original-width="907" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWyeGkzMaSGm6BdBm-AKA_jcgzc2mhzM5ngs6q66wpY8HwoF3PMeUfmuxvzwKZZUG9F7__WUUAvHiykEd5VUxovEZIW5YZWmk2DIxRcIoVVt7NUY84JwCHjRzMEVpNRV4VoPYTj9Rwb5o/s640/2018-03-17_204817.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
點選 食物food類<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsSsBA_gLIbh0KOptUYYdQyiwos1afpQOndzrXajLXN1qIIsSxTs_5yqPDgk-umNLgjC14-h2uacBFExwOqwqMBwFZ4YHNNQyGOZcl6VorfeQPHMLYc3IBHjZAV5yIvBaQhhrCWWlsnfs/s1600/2018-03-17_204844.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="920" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsSsBA_gLIbh0KOptUYYdQyiwos1afpQOndzrXajLXN1qIIsSxTs_5yqPDgk-umNLgjC14-h2uacBFExwOqwqMBwFZ4YHNNQyGOZcl6VorfeQPHMLYc3IBHjZAV5yIvBaQhhrCWWlsnfs/s640/2018-03-17_204844.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
選了一張冰箱裡食物的圖<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjamRQmcpa_YTR1cmUmakFk12vu2JEMH-zPs6BVeLEJTSbOYak3Xrd3OgkdvganNZVzDk1NeLiirHcCtmWxDqrfoAcKhlOZtGTj_q18kq6TC-45brutzMI6OrW7oE2XQtUEFceEJuPmlIs/s1600/2018-03-17_212104.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="838" data-original-width="678" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjamRQmcpa_YTR1cmUmakFk12vu2JEMH-zPs6BVeLEJTSbOYak3Xrd3OgkdvganNZVzDk1NeLiirHcCtmWxDqrfoAcKhlOZtGTj_q18kq6TC-45brutzMI6OrW7oE2XQtUEFceEJuPmlIs/s640/2018-03-17_212104.jpg" width="516" /></a></div>
<br />
Puzzles 拼圖遊戲<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1yv-aqPU5swKE6pGvvWQETDyNdFuiB-EWpER8LNSBdf562B5Wsy3Zf8JQ49UOapgEPl6TclT3N2u8wGzDbu6ydkoMZvVQfnk1ufOm8tSISCbEqOB-nURCYr-hbYv9a4QEUUBxiObY-bQ/s1600/2018-03-17_205138.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="623" data-original-width="1167" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1yv-aqPU5swKE6pGvvWQETDyNdFuiB-EWpER8LNSBdf562B5Wsy3Zf8JQ49UOapgEPl6TclT3N2u8wGzDbu6ydkoMZvVQfnk1ufOm8tSISCbEqOB-nURCYr-hbYv9a4QEUUBxiObY-bQ/s640/2018-03-17_205138.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
左邊可以選擇難易度, 看是要幾片的拼圖,<br />
如果要轉拼圖的方向, 先點選拼圖 然後按鍵盤的方向鍵即可 (以下為完成圖!)<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_dShOakTeEld6C-K201cAzSKlVN-bLupvBBU4APxpA3Q214xKy1499fEXTCMpAJir0bmGStv9vHFHajKdUiSABqa8xOyRCHcji2MgSgoFAfLFom-t7YLlw-FoDSEA92OwRYhKmJcUt8Y/s1600/2018-03-17_205207.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="1141" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_dShOakTeEld6C-K201cAzSKlVN-bLupvBBU4APxpA3Q214xKy1499fEXTCMpAJir0bmGStv9vHFHajKdUiSABqa8xOyRCHcji2MgSgoFAfLFom-t7YLlw-FoDSEA92OwRYhKmJcUt8Y/s640/2018-03-17_205207.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
Coloring Pages著色圖<br />
一樣先點選類別,然後就會有相關的圖案可以免費下載<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHM_XljvMy-WOIWrPF2ns2RaI7TcuExR6dqTy5hNDt8JLVCkeAQCKAiHM1xXO2YmxO7jgt_BxHrexV27C-emvmBrtYI2JJP-E9Ur_QQZg8Ma2mOPCIG_QWPH3wgArpzf4vQEZoRVcVBM4/s1600/2018-03-17_205935.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="784" data-original-width="912" height="550" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHM_XljvMy-WOIWrPF2ns2RaI7TcuExR6dqTy5hNDt8JLVCkeAQCKAiHM1xXO2YmxO7jgt_BxHrexV27C-emvmBrtYI2JJP-E9Ur_QQZg8Ma2mOPCIG_QWPH3wgArpzf4vQEZoRVcVBM4/s640/2018-03-17_205935.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_KYcQkyCljH3f2ze6kAjZeI0tGsy5Gc2KDEvMzCMCxfTCQ6-qvzbXvtFfPP44rFJzB13jF5GkHdiSqXlhghsNdUYYfQ_fU2fC-jJw7pMQlumUcqjxJ8Te9xx4lTQAle_K3Hytldu1I9I/s1600/2016-01-02_191927.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_KYcQkyCljH3f2ze6kAjZeI0tGsy5Gc2KDEvMzCMCxfTCQ6-qvzbXvtFfPP44rFJzB13jF5GkHdiSqXlhghsNdUYYfQ_fU2fC-jJw7pMQlumUcqjxJ8Te9xx4lTQAle_K3Hytldu1I9I/s640/2016-01-02_191927.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
裡面還有其他的內容, 如遊戲.猜謎.英文字的教學...等<br />
<br />
網站連結:<a href="http://www.kids-pages.com/">http://www.kids-pages.com/</a>ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-88795269246226571892018-01-27T06:41:00.001-08:002023-02-06T07:01:28.493-08:00穩步 慢行 (如何教導自閉光譜障礙(ASD)兒童? )<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/-5bF5d8qAjE/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-5bF5d8qAjE?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><a href="http://www.books.com.tw/exep/assp.php/boboeating/products/0010721696?utm_source=boboeating&utm_medium=ap-books&utm_content=recommend&utm_campaign=ap-201801" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="677" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmd0EPIFZm4ciDUtnFTEisB5s6JoWbNY0k79PhhEiXQ6TeRwm13tV_gXLqAcM0pNkw6BHkvRkSphTI0Dlep99bjfIpQKJjeDF4VihUxG_MM-5okIGCTiOr110gFoDbe3BB8hUp337LVUg/s320/%25E7%25B9%25AA%25E6%259C%25AC%25E6%2595%2585%25E4%25BA%258B%25E4%25BB%258B%25E7%25B4%25B9%25E5%25B0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2%25E5%259C%2596.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRlq0v86bwvN0iUkIo6FCVKCL9eXCykeY5GWzdoH_W_znlIw84diXHE7SLMkRgLoJuXfOrUlcz9X3CAC15di8QxrjTp-G675D5PbGAuh8J6ecyH-hS1Vu7ERt_iYXUaRQutu5wRN0EKy4/s1600/2017-12-27_160554.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="703" data-original-width="1261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRlq0v86bwvN0iUkIo6FCVKCL9eXCykeY5GWzdoH_W_znlIw84diXHE7SLMkRgLoJuXfOrUlcz9X3CAC15di8QxrjTp-G675D5PbGAuh8J6ecyH-hS1Vu7ERt_iYXUaRQutu5wRN0EKy4/s1600/2017-12-27_160554.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<簡介> 資料來源: 博客來網路書局<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">每一位自閉症孩子都能學習溝通、改善與人的互動、提升遊戲技巧。</span><span style="color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #232323; font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">本書以「丹佛早療模式」的突破性成果為基礎,將學習納入每天的日常活動,尤其是融入遊戲中,幫助自閉症孩子自然學習。</span><span style="color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br />
</span><span style="background: white; color: #232323; font-size: 16.0pt;">
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">作者有信心,本書將協助你成為更有效能的家長、玩伴和孩子的第一位老師。</span><span style="color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">自閉症孩子和一般孩子一樣,每分鐘都可以學習:無論是遊戲、洗澡、用餐</span><span style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">──</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">真的就是你與孩子共處的任何時間</span><span style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">──</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">都能協助孩子溝通和學習。</span><span style="color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">穩步慢行才能成為最後的贏家:跟隨孩子的興趣,耐心地一步一步慢慢來,安排好玩、有趣的活動,本書介紹的方法將提供家長和孩子愉快的教養經驗。</span><span style="color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">不需額外投入更多時間:父母(以及所有照顧者)以日常生活既有的互動為基礎繼續努力,以安適和自然的方式來實踐,不需要特別的設備,也不需規劃特別的「教學」時間。</span><span style="color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">不論「外在」的治療多麼密集,最能夠提供最多語言學習機會的還是家長:家長最了解自己的孩子,有強烈的動機想要幫助孩子,本書提供的工具幫助親子持續教學相長,家長將體驗到看著孩子逐步學會新技能的喜悅。</span><span style="color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">家長在孩子身上運用介入策略,能夠做得和受過訓練的治療師一樣好:研究顯示,家長可強化自閉症幼兒的學習、遊戲、溝通、社交能力,改善行為問題,自己也比較快樂並減輕壓</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">力</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-91377326441307262642017-12-23T05:31:00.002-08:002017-12-23T06:11:06.608-08:00常用國字標準字體筆順學習網 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Tq_vXMetWoc/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Tq_vXMetWoc?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">這是教育部於2010年所設立的網站</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">提供了部首 注音查詢 並可以進一步了解字義</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">且有發音及練習筆順(包含注音符號及國字)的軟體</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">另外還可以至自製生字練習本</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">每一個字都提供筆畫的順序</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">並可以依據個人的需求</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">設定不同的形式</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">提供給有學習注音或是文字需求者</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">在語言治療臨床上可以適用於有需加強閱讀及書寫的個案</span><br />
學習障礙,語言障礙,失語症,認知溝通障礙...等<br />
尤其可以透過"部件"的查詢方式 快速篩選出有相同部首的字<br />
在筆順練習的部分,建議可以使用平板操作,讓個案能直接手寫<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">操作範例:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">選擇查詢方式,輸入要查詢的字,然後按"開始查詢"</span><br />
<img height="409" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBZBbPHeDZm9e3ELkwDtY0ED-rMsV_vyQ9w8IC-NdNNJViZ3H75CHbnN_0O79DDsoFNhGi86UOEw9XvbFAaNa6mUDAK4mAPc8zBALmbvttK8oeDSjf66QOuV-TbVXzaeackQNKy4zt_2Y/s640/000004.jpg" width="640" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17.6px;">進入查詢該單字的筆順及語音說明的頁面</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17.6px;">點選"筆順播放" 就可看到書寫的順序</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17.6px;">點選"筆順練習" 就能可以自己書寫 </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17.6px;">如果寫錯筆順就會提醒使用者</span></span><br />
<br />
<img height="427" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5IRXUw4zFI7pL4GJ0O78A8MAZjqdlVEGwFhSLzp0h4WS_60sr6Q8NM_FTPr5kvJuqX-BmkeyiKlQ2UTJYQzbCVSUfD4F8l2XKhddiupUXtvHqvGXEkdCn_6oGadWxKZgN9E4rl3_6Y_Y/s640/0000005.jpg" width="640" /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;"><br /></span>
也可以點選 右邊黑板裡的 "進階學習" 進入字義的說明....<br />
<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZQI6_u7vxmNv0k5m-wUKsM7CMlV3Bgbfs9p0BAm5bcQaA4RejrNo8va6-9iqyswygYJ8ZMJnANzc6eUZ1V5y7RDQM7kme7sb09Y40BxbKf6fc0mjQJyH4l0_1ohuevTvh6jdIMKKPIco/s640/0000006.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>練習簿功能</b><br />
1.注音練習簿: 輸入要練習的注音符號,然後按下載練習簿,就會出現該注音的筆順及練習格<br />
(沒有字數限制)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpkUKLPSleGwVg_OvBhs66bK5S2lk5p1oNkNkcQlIXX-D8Jum2hI7rxsmIcjtg_EQt98dK13Fk2kNp9KN3GBWD0DD4IJq4VH-9CMQw5Z7gPGU-KGkg6K49y3sxJx1i0WM2I6UqdwgcnPY/s1600/2017-12-23_210531.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="779" data-original-width="1212" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpkUKLPSleGwVg_OvBhs66bK5S2lk5p1oNkNkcQlIXX-D8Jum2hI7rxsmIcjtg_EQt98dK13Fk2kNp9KN3GBWD0DD4IJq4VH-9CMQw5Z7gPGU-KGkg6K49y3sxJx1i0WM2I6UqdwgcnPY/s640/2017-12-23_210531.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
練習簿範例 (一頁為六個注音,每一個注音各有六格書寫練習欄位)<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF40-UD_q5n-l5mH-32AZ2v-nNr_yh86fSectYCqMcO4KzpygBgHghj87aWsvsyr-pqoJb-9mWHeTFyMBKyqVznhWrwxLXAznKmdRT__seC85iC49AoY3QCUewy3x8gNVxr9YwerYebno/s1600/2017-12-23_205409.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="741" data-original-width="568" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF40-UD_q5n-l5mH-32AZ2v-nNr_yh86fSectYCqMcO4KzpygBgHghj87aWsvsyr-pqoJb-9mWHeTFyMBKyqVznhWrwxLXAznKmdRT__seC85iC49AoY3QCUewy3x8gNVxr9YwerYebno/s640/2017-12-23_205409.jpg" width="489" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
2.<b>生字練習簿: </b>輸入要練習的生字,然後按下載練習簿,就會出現該字的筆順及練習格<br />
<div>
(沒有字數限制)</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1CRYtceEEqiAfdwRSOWowD3Uk28kTu6TMFVqTKRiwdPzUNLeBvijza-tVPLKLBnvEfigKvUkiiKek0UHsKN2h_xacG5dCbGk481kv4iuqLFTpt5OfO927qla_sbhA41EPXpJEFGnfqoo/s1600/2017-12-23_212203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="774" data-original-width="1210" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1CRYtceEEqiAfdwRSOWowD3Uk28kTu6TMFVqTKRiwdPzUNLeBvijza-tVPLKLBnvEfigKvUkiiKek0UHsKN2h_xacG5dCbGk481kv4iuqLFTpt5OfO927qla_sbhA41EPXpJEFGnfqoo/s640/2017-12-23_212203.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
生字練習簿範例 (一頁為六個生字,如果點選 "加印直式注音空格"則為四個生字, 每一個生字各有六格書寫練習欄位)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIWOuxC8hvV5F-IOqxDEn_RlO8cYDi7QVQNUgXlTSgS9E6utxPFrwbEg0qUJAd8pW6PXKw77of48vEnu0SzRTmKWXcgvEcbUZG7nPaTDLgQ0-YjTm3qvylB8v41uht-61yuCBK2Xd-RUc/s1600/2017-12-23_212653.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="840" data-original-width="585" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIWOuxC8hvV5F-IOqxDEn_RlO8cYDi7QVQNUgXlTSgS9E6utxPFrwbEg0qUJAd8pW6PXKw77of48vEnu0SzRTmKWXcgvEcbUZG7nPaTDLgQ0-YjTm3qvylB8v41uht-61yuCBK2Xd-RUc/s640/2017-12-23_212653.jpg" width="444" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-44365436909965375132017-12-02T05:38:00.002-08:002017-12-02T06:23:53.472-08:00英語發音網站 在中文構音/音韻治療的運用!<b><span style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="color: #bb5421; text-decoration-line: none;">Phonetics: The
Sound of American English</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/o3OKOEYOdjc/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/o3OKOEYOdjc?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">這個網站提供所有英語發音的技巧</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">可以清楚看到每一個語音的位置圖</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">並且有真人示範的嘴型及聲音</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">在臨床上曾經運用在成人的構音教學上</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">可以讓個案清楚的知道發音位置及方法</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">且可以回家自行練習</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">當然中文和英文的發音是有所的不同的</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">不過有些概念是可以相通進而運用的 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">例如</span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">: /p/</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">和ㄆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">ㄉ</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">和</span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"> /d/ </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">的發音</span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"> /ai/</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">和ㄞ</span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">..</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">等</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
可以運用的語音有 ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐㄑ ㄙ... 部分的單韻母..聲隨韻母..複韻母等</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
在某些發音位置 或是 發音方法上的解說可以更明確<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">另外</span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">如果想加強自己英語發音的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">也是一個很不錯的網站</span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">!</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">其實國內也有製作相關的資源</span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">但似乎找不到可以免費線上使用</span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">....</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckGB62iEzug" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">"</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">數位華語發音</span><span style="color: blue;"> Mastering Mandarin Pronunciation through E learning"</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">該英語發音位置網站連結</span><span style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="http://soundsofspeech.uiowa.edu/resources/english/english.html">http://soundsofspeech.uiowa.edu/resources/english/english.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">如果連不上去</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">可以直接打該標搜尋即可</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17.6px;">以下簡單介紹該網站內容</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">(1)進入主頁面, 你可以先選擇要的語音分類:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;"><b>子音(consonants)-</b>-發音方法(manner) 發音位置(place) 有聲無聲(voice) </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;"><b> 母音(vowels)</b>--單母音(monophthongs)/雙母音(diphthongs)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;"> 例如:點選"子音--發音方法"</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;"> 下一排就會出現不同發音方法的按鍵(stop/frivative.....)</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs-bKXG6Xr67F_RujkwQM8IgBWgr9zWgl_zqCvBBIgKdCEQIojA7T3DyATpKdYOTA19H50gCMXzy7TY-8XjELGrwto0Z9iNfPdENfbO_vUlq2exP9Weg6B6TUF7IeDrYxJtM-3zxN-xGY/s1600/2017-12-02_200540.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="545" data-original-width="857" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs-bKXG6Xr67F_RujkwQM8IgBWgr9zWgl_zqCvBBIgKdCEQIojA7T3DyATpKdYOTA19H50gCMXzy7TY-8XjELGrwto0Z9iNfPdENfbO_vUlq2exP9Weg6B6TUF7IeDrYxJtM-3zxN-xGY/s640/2017-12-02_200540.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
(2)點選 stop 的按鍵後, 畫面左邊就會出現"塞音" (stop) 的所有語音<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk3xadfSInUT7gbBJBEd-OlIEZ_agaHIroCHCDfIc1bhXwokuwOKc4_NoKMVYF25bamU63eoxQCK9anFTfCZkAwzpC8AvKF0e7NF7FVl8yzIa_o44eVDsuaqtxDb8FWYLc6bH_Ut8n2QE/s1600/2017-12-02_202525.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="860" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk3xadfSInUT7gbBJBEd-OlIEZ_agaHIroCHCDfIc1bhXwokuwOKc4_NoKMVYF25bamU63eoxQCK9anFTfCZkAwzpC8AvKF0e7NF7FVl8yzIa_o44eVDsuaqtxDb8FWYLc6bH_Ut8n2QE/s640/2017-12-02_202525.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
(3)點選要練習的 語音 (如:/p/), 就會出現發音位置圖 及真人圖<br />
<br />
---點選發音位置圖的 play, 就可以清楚看到發音時構音器官的動作 並有真人發音<br />
<br />
另下圖有兩個選項<br />
* animation with sound:呈現構音動作器官的動作<br />
* step-by-step description:逐一呈現每一個構音器官的動作(此時沒有真人發音)<br />
<br />
---點選最右邊真人圖的 play 就可以看到嘴的動作及真人發音<br />
下方並有提有簡單的含有該語音的詞彙可以練習<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb3hn6YCXP-kap1syaTF1tdfAItcMW7FWhlEjCeAfb1iraBh0vCaxnrZ2aLueA7q-DM-KEd1ch76ABmuaNL5Vt4z55RTJOIp53oDQafmahHsXjE0OZvuzOoYqauyfILcs3coSQVD1hU2A/s1600/2017-12-02_202743.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="889" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb3hn6YCXP-kap1syaTF1tdfAItcMW7FWhlEjCeAfb1iraBh0vCaxnrZ2aLueA7q-DM-KEd1ch76ABmuaNL5Vt4z55RTJOIp53oDQafmahHsXjE0OZvuzOoYqauyfILcs3coSQVD1hU2A/s640/2017-12-02_202743.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
有關華語構音發音技巧,可以參考另外兩篇文章<br />
<a href="https://st-box.blogspot.tw/2017/08/blog-post.html" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 26px; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">華語注音符號之構音-我們如何發出韻母(母音)?</a><br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 26px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<a href="https://st-box.blogspot.tw/2017/08/blog-post.html" target="_blank">華語注音符號之構音-我們如何發出聲母(子音)?</a></h3>
<br />ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-18349701534544102722017-11-21T03:33:00.000-08:002017-11-21T03:55:08.301-08:00構音/音韻網站資源介紹這是一個關於構音/音韻評估相關資料的網站<br />
鄭靜宜老師 提供了許多資源<br />
有些概念真的很不錯!<br />
在臨床上也可以省下許多準備教材的時間<br />
或是提供個案回家練習用<br />
供大家參考!<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWY4nqDudqZeCpcw3IBct0_BMKpypfY8LxFdouFPl-pv2H8Ky1hw982vqOC8Z_P_uE2UedRSTa8HbhsxKdxLJctmA50riKXi47Ph_-zKGZkoh3pjdPKVak3RurppFFSBE69vrg0s6Af04/s1600/2017-11-21_185445.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="729" data-original-width="1261" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWY4nqDudqZeCpcw3IBct0_BMKpypfY8LxFdouFPl-pv2H8Ky1hw982vqOC8Z_P_uE2UedRSTa8HbhsxKdxLJctmA50riKXi47Ph_-zKGZkoh3pjdPKVak3RurppFFSBE69vrg0s6Af04/s640/2017-11-21_185445.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<a href="http://www.jengspeech.com/" target="_blank"> http://www.jengspeech.com/</a><br />
<br />
<b>內容簡介:</b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">聽覺辨識評估</span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><b> -"最小因素對比"</b></span><br />
(點選"按鍵"會有聲音, 再依據聽到的聲音選擇是哪一個圖畫)<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi80rNIU4FrVEHLJCRMOm00AFMEDzUph_W7QhaHqxmXmjEmdmj4lAATDYXvpc5wc6c8Hir3DyPwSVPP45HNEESCKFhPEdIYE3p7cN949MKPkX2whcrLNj9R80npZ7iIw6XgU6yeE3yoldA/s1600/2017-11-21_190041.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="1141" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi80rNIU4FrVEHLJCRMOm00AFMEDzUph_W7QhaHqxmXmjEmdmj4lAATDYXvpc5wc6c8Hir3DyPwSVPP45HNEESCKFhPEdIYE3p7cN949MKPkX2whcrLNj9R80npZ7iIw6XgU6yeE3yoldA/s640/2017-11-21_190041.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="font-size: x-large;">構音評估</b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: large;">-語詞構音測驗</span> </b>(跟一般構音評估類似 提供圖卡讓受試者唸出)<br />
試用後 跟 鄭靜宜老師 編制的<br />
<b> "兒童華語語音綜合測驗 指導手冊 Manual of Mandarin Speech Test for Children"</b><br />
內容中的刺激詞彙是一樣<br />
PS.這份測驗有提供兒童的常模可以對照<br />
<br />
測驗的指導手冊連結:http://giast.nknu.edu.tw/UploadFile/TeaFiles/giast_t_103205415.pdf<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b> <span style="font-size: large;"> -句構測驗 </span> (點選會有聲音, 有簡單的動畫回饋 小朋友應該會覺得有趣)</b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEjsvrKabytdjZSWgVK-ulE1WT7ef-Qxn99LmNFpimGAquRDgLdB0teBSFSBBqL_dd76r6YAkQWoXto6Veej2HGq3iVktbvwdrsec3u3UNnR-vztbjTuvFuja_WUYRNWGmaRiRiMJdcjI/s1600/2017-11-21_191459.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="795" data-original-width="1112" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEjsvrKabytdjZSWgVK-ulE1WT7ef-Qxn99LmNFpimGAquRDgLdB0teBSFSBBqL_dd76r6YAkQWoXto6Veej2HGq3iVktbvwdrsec3u3UNnR-vztbjTuvFuja_WUYRNWGmaRiRiMJdcjI/s640/2017-11-21_191459.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">-<b>口腔輪替測驗 </b> </span>(可以點選 "外星人" 然後就會有聲音,讓小朋友可以跟著說)<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv8_pPnchSH1TAMqCF2msxgWctTQaBsoRCbKWayxWgLoQE7fvSfyzXSyiTRMzP_9lp6Zeggdv_7mcsrX5JHywYLzpPhRaiTgQXUe6y3wmOl0msxE8HoTnfs1cJDsPU01pfPWy8Aq7v404/s1600/2017-11-21_191524.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="777" data-original-width="1088" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv8_pPnchSH1TAMqCF2msxgWctTQaBsoRCbKWayxWgLoQE7fvSfyzXSyiTRMzP_9lp6Zeggdv_7mcsrX5JHywYLzpPhRaiTgQXUe6y3wmOl0msxE8HoTnfs1cJDsPU01pfPWy8Aq7v404/s640/2017-11-21_191524.jpg" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv8_pPnchSH1TAMqCF2msxgWctTQaBsoRCbKWayxWgLoQE7fvSfyzXSyiTRMzP_9lp6Zeggdv_7mcsrX5JHywYLzpPhRaiTgQXUe6y3wmOl0msxE8HoTnfs1cJDsPU01pfPWy8Aq7v404/s1600/2017-11-21_191524.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv8_pPnchSH1TAMqCF2msxgWctTQaBsoRCbKWayxWgLoQE7fvSfyzXSyiTRMzP_9lp6Zeggdv_7mcsrX5JHywYLzpPhRaiTgQXUe6y3wmOl0msxE8HoTnfs1cJDsPU01pfPWy8Aq7v404/s1600/2017-11-21_191524.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<h1 style="color: #0b462d;">
</h1>
<h1 style="color: #0b462d;">
</h1>
<h1 style="color: #0b462d;">
</h1>
<h1 style="color: #0b462d;">
</h1>
<h1 style="color: #0b462d;">
</h1>
<h1>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></h1>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></h1>
<h1>
</h1>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="color: red;">**還有提供"目標音"的詞彙選擇,如下圖顯示</span></h1>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b> 1.可以選擇 "目標音" 在 "第幾個" 位置,</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b> 而且能控制要二拚或三拚的字詞 </b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b> 2.按送出</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b> 3.就會有符合條件的圖片了! (圖片為真實照片圖)</b></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> (PS.如果是提供給小朋友練習用的話, 或許需要留意選擇適切的詞彙)</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4a3nusOYbh0xZHqFppVvfE1SjwQvZKosC3nNnT3et1AuJ20kDD1Ghr7xLlGjU6a9qIlbLI8b4xkeAT5sFV9nl4cfYDA0HYbTdV45QosxHX7_HRoqH49r4arXePVqfMYMGpLwTchBghBQ/s1600/2017-11-21_191358.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="1306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4a3nusOYbh0xZHqFppVvfE1SjwQvZKosC3nNnT3et1AuJ20kDD1Ghr7xLlGjU6a9qIlbLI8b4xkeAT5sFV9nl4cfYDA0HYbTdV45QosxHX7_HRoqH49r4arXePVqfMYMGpLwTchBghBQ/s1600/2017-11-21_191358.jpg" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitaT2hy6ttDfBpGmA0X3G-c2ZP7nsfSZcTaoqHtCfH3ZaCaYfB0upnt839FeAqWDE2W1l5U-ND79awS-26hOWxHSBXzqdyTIph6HzLJMpUQja8E_pqvLqmuuTZb97yZ4v43qX4vZpumlw/s1600/2017-11-21_191424.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="841" data-original-width="867" height="619" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitaT2hy6ttDfBpGmA0X3G-c2ZP7nsfSZcTaoqHtCfH3ZaCaYfB0upnt839FeAqWDE2W1l5U-ND79awS-26hOWxHSBXzqdyTIph6HzLJMpUQja8E_pqvLqmuuTZb97yZ4v43qX4vZpumlw/s640/2017-11-21_191424.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
</div>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-75145658241119981132017-11-18T05:11:00.002-08:002017-11-21T01:45:30.901-08:00如何與口吃兒童互動? -互動技巧之說明<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qdOTLlMJgkQ/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qdOTLlMJgkQ?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
一般在聽到兒童口吃時,</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
大人總是不免告訴孩子</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
"你慢慢說" "你想好再說" 你這樣說我聽不懂"....</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
但這樣的方式 卻有可能造成兒童口吃情形更嚴重</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
以下是依據國外學者對於口吃兒童互動之技巧</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
所整理的小口訣 </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
藉此幫助兒童的重要他人 了解可以如何適切地與口吃兒童互動!</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyG2xrAprP9khohuabvpENst_1JdXgCVVgiGDDBn4AodR09cw27k61ZAtrNO6yaLALTis9myWUr4CTqmiSoVniKCPKiRe4A0wcJuwXYiE0CE0scXtZNMcvxgwlRXHIUyFYm6vkJQWpnCA/s1600/2017-11-18_114059.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="763" data-original-width="1360" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyG2xrAprP9khohuabvpENst_1JdXgCVVgiGDDBn4AodR09cw27k61ZAtrNO6yaLALTis9myWUr4CTqmiSoVniKCPKiRe4A0wcJuwXYiE0CE0scXtZNMcvxgwlRXHIUyFYm6vkJQWpnCA/s640/2017-11-18_114059.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
依據國外學者建議 與口吃兒童互動的七個技巧,如下說明</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
資料來源: The Stuttering Foundation</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXJLRuEvc4Z-7Eh8uVeM2XL_wXbovOkbbFbZ26V5anlqvE15rWhOKRyX0hau2ECswOtgKENI5or272UqSzNLFzs1WUaghaJ2cxzuYCWRzy7hazCXvIAFwWMErXAzpGvidP2rek8xgcKmY/s1600/2017-11-18_114033.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="761" data-original-width="1353" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXJLRuEvc4Z-7Eh8uVeM2XL_wXbovOkbbFbZ26V5anlqvE15rWhOKRyX0hau2ECswOtgKENI5or272UqSzNLFzs1WUaghaJ2cxzuYCWRzy7hazCXvIAFwWMErXAzpGvidP2rek8xgcKmY/s640/2017-11-18_114033.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMQAdZHlbiVPzIWoeQQ5ngw3ehp66nHF0JlepVZ6NdfVyakS3cSGrL0rPAsilt_JyhEVzqYECgSK282FKweGQt16Mwg7SHpgAIlEvSkx0Ktd5mwjCJWUybb0ZGoKdOKwoVO6188kvLidM/s1600/2017-11-18_114020.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="760" data-original-width="1355" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMQAdZHlbiVPzIWoeQQ5ngw3ehp66nHF0JlepVZ6NdfVyakS3cSGrL0rPAsilt_JyhEVzqYECgSK282FKweGQt16Mwg7SHpgAIlEvSkx0Ktd5mwjCJWUybb0ZGoKdOKwoVO6188kvLidM/s640/2017-11-18_114020.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCOQZ1tEitLMhQyt1lx_iH6XsK40kBV9n3Q52X_rbfaVZi5CGNPUwOUwYBgx7Uf7mWzFhyAreSPxRY2HAFtx79VGY_OE0xWEPJofeKErukHig09rHw2PpDJI_qpjQsklUUxyeDw3MILQg/s1600/2017-11-18_094100.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1074" data-original-width="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCOQZ1tEitLMhQyt1lx_iH6XsK40kBV9n3Q52X_rbfaVZi5CGNPUwOUwYBgx7Uf7mWzFhyAreSPxRY2HAFtx79VGY_OE0xWEPJofeKErukHig09rHw2PpDJI_qpjQsklUUxyeDw3MILQg/s1600/2017-11-18_094100.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-21357525825204672262017-11-15T02:17:00.002-08:002018-04-29T01:01:24.713-07:00Literature: How Stuttering Develops: The Multifactorial Dynamic Pathways Theory.(口吃如何發生? 多動態路徑理論)<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Smith, Anne; Weber, Christine. </span><b style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research</span></i></b><i style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">.</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sep2017, Vol. 60 Issue 9, p2483-2505. 23p.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">DOI: 10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0343.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">目的</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:學者們進而</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">以多動態解釋ㄧ複雜且在動作、語言、情緒等非線性交互作用因素而造成口吃的原因,其目的是更新對多動態路徑理論之解釋。</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span>
<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">方法</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:作者回顧關於導致口吃的文獻,包含基因、動作、語言和情緒因素,以及神經影像研究。並修正之前理論證據,雖然口吃的根源是言語感覺神經過程的受損,但口吃在生活過程中與語言和情緒等因素有強烈的相關。</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 16px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 16px; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結果</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:目前強調口吃初期在學齡前期的動態發展環境的解釋,在這個時期有許多神經行為系統持續地快速改變中,而此時與口吃兒童的互動似乎扮演一重要的關鍵角色,可能影響兒童之口吃是否能有自發性恢復或是持續有口吃之行為。</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 16px; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 16px; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結論</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:依據</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> DSM V</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的定義,口吃或是兒童期語暢異常是一種神經發展障礙,語暢異常始於當支持言語、語言以及情感功能神經網絡正快速的發展之時,多動態路徑理論有益於實驗及臨床工作在決定是那些特定要素影響每一個兒童的路徑以進行診斷。</span></div>
<br />
<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Purpose</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">: We advanced a multifactorial, dynamic account of the complex, nonlinear interactions of motor, linguistic,and emotional factors contributing to the development of stuttering. Our purpose here is to update our account as the multifactorial dynamic pathways theory.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Method</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">: We review evidence related to how stuttering develops, including genetic/epigenetic factors; motor,linguistic, and emotional features; and advances in neuroimaging studies. We update evidence for our earlier</span></div>
<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">claim: Although stuttering ultimately reflects impairment in speech sensorimotor processes, its course over the life span is strongly conditioned by linguistic and emotional factors.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Results</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">: Our current account places primary emphasis on the dynamic developmental context in which stuttering emerges and follows its course during the preschool years. Rapid changes in many neurobehavioral systems are ongoing, and critical interactions among these systems likely play a major role in determining persistence of or recovery from stuttering.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Conclusion</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">: Stuttering, or childhood onset fluency disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013), is a neurodevelopmental disorder that begins when neural networks supporting speech, language, and emotional functions are rapidly developing. The multifactorial dynamic pathways theory motivates experimental and clinical work to determine the specific factors that contribute to each child’s pathway to the diagnosis</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 16px;">
<br /></div>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-56992730995096688432017-11-04T09:07:00.000-07:002017-11-04T23:27:03.931-07:00Wrappup 錄音同時轉入文字檔之app 臨床語言治療師的好幫手! <span style="font-size: large;">Wrappup </span> 是一款可以安裝在手機或是平板的app<br />
<br />
除了具備基本的錄音功能外<br />
更厲害的是, 可以透過語音辨識的功能<br />
將<span style="color: red;"><b>錄音的語音內容同時轉錄成文字檔</b> </span>(可以經由設定 選擇要轉錄的語言)<br />
並可以針對重要的部分 "標籤"<br />
<br />
使用方法:<br />
1. 免費下載安裝 wrappup app<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
2. 登入 (用gmail 的帳號跟密碼即可,錄下的音檔以及同步轉錄好的文字檔會寄到email)<br />
<br />
3. 安裝wrappup 後, 先點選 左上角的設定鍵<br />
-->找到 app settings<br />
裡面有 transcription language (選擇要轉譯成文字的語言)<br />
選擇 Chinese,Mandarin(Tradition...) V<br />
再按左上的Setting 然後再按 Back (就會回到錄音的介面)<br />
<br />
4. 按下 record (橘色圈圈) 就可以開始錄音了<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL0n8vDitFyTqh_lkzWQ2APUeQtur2sI-1P_4-fsZoFMnsWvV7aCMKiFbzAhOGo08iGG-6dttcFcidZmnx8ihUBbz-PrB3UKaEFXUFBH4tJG7_1VNtRCzAhLXSRxomwYG78c-WFo6iX4o/s1600/2017-11-05_142044.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" data-original-height="831" data-original-width="547" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL0n8vDitFyTqh_lkzWQ2APUeQtur2sI-1P_4-fsZoFMnsWvV7aCMKiFbzAhOGo08iGG-6dttcFcidZmnx8ihUBbz-PrB3UKaEFXUFBH4tJG7_1VNtRCzAhLXSRxomwYG78c-WFo6iX4o/s320/2017-11-05_142044.jpg" width="210" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_yh9OO2evnYIZK_SDt3syjFhOuej5MnZJbdppO0RNktwiTEzPUe7MJNtSKwyezYYIufem8AK8VjkQ7-Po-MeFf0FenGdCg160hhEtZr2ZSlaQw4ZcZNm2Np6tznXH-SJTjUikqMbHUL8/s1600/2017-11-05_142119.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="544" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_yh9OO2evnYIZK_SDt3syjFhOuej5MnZJbdppO0RNktwiTEzPUe7MJNtSKwyezYYIufem8AK8VjkQ7-Po-MeFf0FenGdCg160hhEtZr2ZSlaQw4ZcZNm2Np6tznXH-SJTjUikqMbHUL8/s320/2017-11-05_142119.jpg" width="209" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXJ0RANjwCEoiJ6wOhb1sDvpQG0hJcbOAABLQyLo86pE5f3J10agbc9_dEJbi78iKj4zyI29EBzepff908LblLgCeJezqswJEvQRG_TvbuheQlYA2CLafhOFfWxe5XcTQ_tdKO3dzHIN4/s1600/2017-11-05_142100.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="850" data-original-width="552" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXJ0RANjwCEoiJ6wOhb1sDvpQG0hJcbOAABLQyLo86pE5f3J10agbc9_dEJbi78iKj4zyI29EBzepff908LblLgCeJezqswJEvQRG_TvbuheQlYA2CLafhOFfWxe5XcTQ_tdKO3dzHIN4/s320/2017-11-05_142100.jpg" width="207" /></a></div>
<br />
5. 在錄音個過中可以點選"tap to highlight "(用以記錄重點)<br />
<br />
6. 錄音結束後,按save, 存下檔名 (PS.依據搜尋到的資料表示 目前<span style="color: red;">檔名只能用"英文" 才能存檔</span>)<br />
<br />
7. 再按Share,此時可以將剛剛錄下的檔案傳送到自己的email<br />
<br />
8. 登入自己的email 就可以收到 相關資料<br />
就有<b><span style="color: red;">中文文字檔的語料</span></b>囉!<br />
並有提供一個網址的連結, 點選後可以看到剛剛錄下的錄音檔囉!<br />
<br />
<br />
試用過後 語音辨識功能還算不錯<br />
基本上只要講得還算清楚 大致上都還可以正確將語音轉錄成文字檔!<br />
臨床的運用還要多試用看看!<br />
<br />
<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.wrappup&referrer=utm_source%3Dwebsite%26utm_medium%3Dhomepage" target="_blank">官網介紹</a><br />
影片說明 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=2mImx3BR0L0">https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=2mImx3BR0L0</a>ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-62856408687458195192017-10-22T03:33:00.000-07:002017-11-21T01:49:50.039-08:00口吃/迅吃的症狀和成因 (Signs and symptoms & cause of stuttering & cluttering)<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">˙口吃的徵狀</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Signs and symptoms of stuttering )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;">□<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">monosyllabic whole-word repetitions</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">單音節字詞重複</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;">□<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">part-word or sound/syllable repetitions,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">部分字詞或聲音、音節重複</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;">□<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">prolongations of sounds,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">拉長聲音</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;">□<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">audible or silent blocking </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">可聽見或靜默式阻塞</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;">□<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">words produced with an excess of physical tension or struggle.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">字詞的產出伴隨過度的身體張力</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">以上口吃特徵與</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">DSM-5</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">中對於兒童期出現語暢障礙的診斷要素相符合。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">且口吃的頻率及嚴重度可能每天是有所波動,並與說話的環境有關。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">口吃的情形通常在有壓力的溝通情境中會更嚴重。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另外口吃次要的、逃避的或是伴隨行為可能影響整體的溝通</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Secondary, avoidance, or accessory behaviors)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">distracting sounds (e.g., throat clearing) </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">分心的聲音</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">清喉嚨。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">facial grimaces</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">似扮鬼臉的動作。擠眉弄眼</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">head movements </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">頭部動作</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">如</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">點頭</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">movements of the extremities </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">四肢動作</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">如</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">踏腳</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">/</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">握緊拳頭</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">sound or word avoidances</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">避免發出某個聲音或字詞</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">reduced verbal output due to speaking avoidance</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">避免說話的行為</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">avoidance of social situations</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">避免社交情境</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">fillers to mask moments of stuttering </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">轉移口吃行為</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">言語和語言問題可能共存</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">相關研究指出</span><span style="font-family: "ebrima"; font-size: 14pt;">:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">口吃兒童通常語言測驗結果低於無口吃兒童</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">使用的動詞的變化性比無口吃兒童少</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">在敘述文本中比對話有更多似口吃的不流暢</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">口吃兒童會避免說話,以致減少說話經驗及使用複雜語言的機會。</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">˙<b>導致口吃的原因</b></span><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">the Cause of</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <b><span style="background: white;">Stuttering</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">導致口吃的原因很多,對於兒童口吃的發展因素為基因和神經生理學因素,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">情緒反應及行為抑制可能影響兒童在面對不流暢的情形</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">環境因素也可能加劇兒童的不流暢</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Genetic Factors </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">基因因素</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Neurophysiological Factors </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">神經生理因素</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> -Gray and White Matter Differences <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">灰質和白質的差異</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">持續口吃兒童在左半腦的灰質量不足</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">白質完整性低</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> -Neural Network Connectivity Differences <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">神經網絡的差異</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">口吃兒童在支持動作控制時間的區域連結減少</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">而影響</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">在言語動作計畫的流暢性</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> -Atypical Lateralization of Hemispheric Functions </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">大腦功能側化的非典型性</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> -White Matter Connections <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">白質連接</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">口吃者在右腦的白質連接較流暢者過多</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">˙<b>那些風險因素可能會導致持續性口吃</b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Risk Factors For Persistent Stuttering <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> -sex of child, as boys > girls </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">男性</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">女性</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> -family history of persistent stuttering</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">家族史</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> -time duration since onset of greater than 6 to 12 months</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">口吃持續超過</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">6-12</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">個月</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> -age of onset-children who start stuttering at age 3½ or later</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">口吃初始發生時間超過</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">3.5</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">歲</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> -co-occurring speech and language impairment</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">伴隨有言語或語言問題</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">˙迅吃的症狀</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> (</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Signs and symptoms of cluttering )<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">rapid and/or irregular speech rate</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">快速或不規律的語速</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">excessive coarticulation resulting in the collapsing and/or deletion of syllables and/or word endings</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;"> 過多的協同構音或是音節的刪除</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">excessive disfluencies, which are usually of the more nonstuttering type</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;"> 過多的修正字詞或是插入無意義的聲音而導致不流暢</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">pauses in places typically not expected syntactically</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">不適切的語句中暫停</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">unusual prosody</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">不尋常的韻律</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">迅吃者通常不太意識到自己在溝通上的困難</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但可以察覺到他人在了解其表達內容的困難</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">˙<b>導致迅吃的原因</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">the Cause of</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Cluttering</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"> □<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Neurological Factors</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">神經因素</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">潛在的神經動作計畫問題</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">大腦皮質區之動作失調</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-outline-level: 4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">□<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Speech Production/Self-Regulation Factors </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">言語產出或自律失調</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">˙有那些風險因素導致迅吃</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">? Risk Factors For Cluttering</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> -</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">sex of child: male >female</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">男性</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">女</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> -</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">family history</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">家族史</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> -</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">presence of co-occurring disorder:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> --<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">learning disabilities, ASD, and Tourette's syndrome</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> --</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">presence of stuttering 1/3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">口吃者也有迅吃</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-90938355236726854722017-10-01T06:45:00.000-07:002018-04-29T01:01:02.040-07:00什麼是兒童期語暢障礙 (口吃&迅吃) ? (what is Childhood Fluency Disorders? ) <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGrFx-SknrowmogodNxwIY-1BkG0OfDo80xkGfl5vy2yE3KRmqoSLwVT7bOIav-IOkUC5NjUSiGTTuPRxTNYwaTrxFcCw4KwnTBIm0zDq67zxR3EO_nlvPNFww_E86mHw3j5Sjq5bbXAw/s1600/2017-10-01_213945.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="602" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGrFx-SknrowmogodNxwIY-1BkG0OfDo80xkGfl5vy2yE3KRmqoSLwVT7bOIav-IOkUC5NjUSiGTTuPRxTNYwaTrxFcCw4KwnTBIm0zDq67zxR3EO_nlvPNFww_E86mHw3j5Sjq5bbXAw/s640/2017-10-01_213945.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">流暢性</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(fluency)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是指我們在言語產出時其連續性</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(continuity)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、平順性</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(smoothness)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、速度</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">( rate)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和用力</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(effort)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等層面。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">語暢障礙</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(fluency disorder)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,就是指在說話時出現了干擾說話流暢性的情形,包含<b>口吃</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(stuttering)</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和<b>迅吃</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(cluttering):</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">˙</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>口吃</b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>(stuttering)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是最常見的語暢障礙</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(fluency disorder) </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">言語特徵包含</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> -</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重複(</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">repetitions</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">聲音、音節、字詞、片語</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> -</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">聲音延長</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(sound prolongations)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> -</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">阻塞</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(blocks)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> -</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">插入</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(interjections)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> -</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">修正</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(revisions)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等特徵</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上這些特徵干擾說話時的流暢性,也可能會影響說話的速度和節律。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另外</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">口吃者也可能伴隨</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> -</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">身體上的用力</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(physical tension)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> -</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">消極行為</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(negative reactions)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> -</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">次級行為</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(secondary behaviors)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> -</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">迴避語音、字詞或說話的情境</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">口吃通常發生於兒童時期,多數的口吃兒童出現於兩歲半左右,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">95%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的口吃兒童發生在五歲以前。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所有的說話者都可能會出現遲疑行為,例如:停頓和插入字詞或聲音、重複字詞或片語。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這顏色<u>像</u>紅色</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">/ </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這顏色是</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">..</span><u><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">恩</span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">…</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">紅色</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">/</span><u><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">…</span></u><u><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是</span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">…</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">我還想要玩</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">/ </span><u><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是一個</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">…</span></u><u><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是一個</span></u><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">問題</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這些通常可以視為<b>非口吃不流暢或典型不流暢</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(nonstuttered (typical) disfluencies )</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當孩子出現大量的非口吃性不流暢,鑑別診斷是區別口吃、逃避和語言問題等要素。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*像口吃的不流暢</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(stuttering-like disfluencies)</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,其特徵包含</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">部分字詞、聲音或音節的重複</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(part-word or sound/syllable repetitions) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">延長</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(prolongations)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">阻塞</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(blocks,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如:動作固著或無法發出起始聲音)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此外,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">stuttering-like disfluencies</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">typical disfluencies</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相比有更多的拉長音、用力的情形。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">口吃影響在學校、工作或社會性互動,口吃兒童可能對於說話感到焦慮、挫折和尷尬。口吃也可能與其他障礙共病,如:說話性語音障礙、智能障礙和語言障礙。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">˙</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>迅吃</b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>(cluttering)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">言語特徵是過快或是不規律的語速,導致言語清晰度和流暢性下降。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會出現刪除或重複音節</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(deletion and/or collapsing of syllables)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、省略字詞的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">後面語音</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(omission of word endings)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">等情形</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">迅吃者通常會有更多典型的不流暢性特徵</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">如</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">修正或插入</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> (e.g., revisions, interjections)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">且在不適切的語句間停頓</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">迅吃可能與其他障礙共病,如:學習障礙、聽覺歷程障礙、妥瑞症候群</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(Tourette's syndrome)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、自閉症、字詞搜尋或語言組織問題、注意力過動症。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而迅吃障礙可能會延伸是一種語用障礙</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(pragmatic disorder),</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為他們通常不會試圖去修補溝通不良的情形,導致影響了社交互動。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>補充資料:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">楊淑蘭 (2002)</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">。</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> </span>SLD(Stuttering-Like-Disfluency)的由來<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">。</span>特殊教育文集(四) 第 218 至 236 頁<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">。<a href="http://140.127.82.166/retrieve/20228/4_6.pdf">http://140.127.82.166/retrieve/20228/4_6.pdf</a></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ0EX4_pBAFSD6e5jlYATTBM_A39ifReDBNP7e5vvjajTnmQoTESKYLIDloIlzpEV6lmPxzZ3LGnX4GLe8FDfKVQz5ZHwVEI9AD08pX6CfLVGA74kwE1aFYOFbWmOlC0XB6i3Q31PA9lE/s1600/2017-10-01_210434.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="450" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ0EX4_pBAFSD6e5jlYATTBM_A39ifReDBNP7e5vvjajTnmQoTESKYLIDloIlzpEV6lmPxzZ3LGnX4GLe8FDfKVQz5ZHwVEI9AD08pX6CfLVGA74kwE1aFYOFbWmOlC0XB6i3Q31PA9lE/s640/2017-10-01_210434.png" width="552" /></a></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-29662257771743337232017-09-30T03:38:00.004-07:002018-04-29T01:01:15.869-07:00Literature: The Influence of Executive Functions on Phonemic Processing in Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgphkRdxCKs9wXRSCWpD9T3ZndQfDCqDYA4fUfl7hru3g3OHEV9Bj1XjdG4k71hXjcHMdlyr6Pao8a26rIDI1Z7_Bx4zF0TJ1cDZrJvPW2H3xXIcdiPLYepfgtZd43EJXlDjSo3pRfzXp0/s1600/2017-09-30_183423.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="402" data-original-width="536" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgphkRdxCKs9wXRSCWpD9T3ZndQfDCqDYA4fUfl7hru3g3OHEV9Bj1XjdG4k71hXjcHMdlyr6Pao8a26rIDI1Z7_Bx4zF0TJ1cDZrJvPW2H3xXIcdiPLYepfgtZd43EJXlDjSo3pRfzXp0/s640/2017-09-30_183423.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1716271620"><br /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28915513">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28915513</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">此為2017/09 , ASHA期刊之</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">研究</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">在探討</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">執行功能對於有口吃或是無口及兒童在語音過程之影響</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">”</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">藉由測量口吃者在執行語音相關的目標作業的過程中並</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">給予干擾刺激時,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">其表現為何?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abstracts</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Purpose</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The aim of the present study was to investigate dual-task performance in children who stutter (CWS) and those who do not to investigate if the groups differed in the ability to attend and allocate cognitive resources effectively during task performance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Method</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> Participants were 24 children (12 CWS) in both groups matched for age and sex. For the primary task, participants performed a phoneme monitoring in a picture–written word interference task. For the secondary task, participants made pitch judgments on tones presented at varying (short, long)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA)</span> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">from the onset of the picture.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Results</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> The CWS were comparable to the children who do not stutter in performing the monitoring task although the SOA-based performance differences in this task were more variable in the CWS. The CWS were also significantly slower in making tone decisions at the short SOA and showed a trend for making more errors in this task.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Conclusions</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> The findings are interpreted to suggest higher dual-task cost effects in CWS. A potential explanation for this finding requiring further testing and confirmation is that the CWS show reduced efficiency in attending to the tone stimuli while simultaneously prioritizing attention to the phoneme-monitoring task.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 細明體;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>摘要</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">目的</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">:</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">探討有口吃和沒有口吃兒童在執行雙重作業時</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">在認知資源的參與及分配是否有所差異</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">方法</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">:</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">研究對象共有</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">24</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">位兒童</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">而口吃組和沒有口吃組各</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">12</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">位</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">同時在性別及年齡均有配對</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">在執行主要作業</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">受試者在圖像寫作干擾時進行音素的監控</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">在執行第二作業</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">受試者進行音調的判斷</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">同時給予不同的間隔時長之刺激圖片呈現</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">結果</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">:</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">比較口吃兒童與沒有口吃兒童在執行監控作業的表現</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">即使有口吃組兒童在</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">SOA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">作業有較多的變異</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">口吃兒童組在較短的</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">SOA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">中判斷音調的表現顯著較慢且顯示有較多的錯誤</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">結論</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">:</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">研究發現有口吃的兒童在執行雙重作業時受到較高的影響</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">需要進一步測試及確認的是</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">口吃兒童在進行音調判斷並加上音素監控作業時</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 14pt;">則在專注於音調處理上的表現降低</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">* 補充資料</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">What is </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Stimulus-onset asynchrony</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> (<b>SOA</b>)</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">?</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_onset_asynchrony"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_onset_asynchrony</span></a></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">SOA</span></b><b><span style="background: white; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">is a measure used in </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">experimental psychology</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">. SOA denotes the amount of time between the start of one<span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(psychology)" title="Stimulus (psychology)"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">stimulus</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">, S1, and the start of another stimulus, S2 (Figure 1)</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(<span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white;">心理學實驗中常用的一種方式</span><span style="background: white;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW">指當給予刺激</span>1<span lang="ZH-TW">時到給予刺激</span>2<span lang="ZH-TW">之間的時間</span>)</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSgqs7XygQ66EUWPs4oiQJgvzvIz-InbTruwP7DAfv4u2LSNm-WGxoBbjxuNl6ivVNJy_GgxhkVpUutvaBSlw3Nfxtbsxry8lRWKeRV4pWVsVlGHexo9fQm-M1X4H4PuX3D9ZP4hOW5_0/s1600/2017-09-30_183437.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="188" data-original-width="456" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSgqs7XygQ66EUWPs4oiQJgvzvIz-InbTruwP7DAfv4u2LSNm-WGxoBbjxuNl6ivVNJy_GgxhkVpUutvaBSlw3Nfxtbsxry8lRWKeRV4pWVsVlGHexo9fQm-M1X4H4PuX3D9ZP4hOW5_0/s400/2017-09-30_183437.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<v:shape href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SOA-diagram.svg" id="圖片_x0020_1" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 132.75pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-top: 6.1pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 393.75pt; z-index: 251660288;" type="#_x0000_t75"><br /></v:shape>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">In this respect, a stimulus may consist of, e.g., a presented image, sound or printed word. </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(<span lang="ZH-TW">給予的刺激可以是 圖片</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">聲音</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">印刷文字</span>)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">A short time interval between S1 and S2 may lead to interference in the neural processing of these two patterns. Conversely, a very long SOA may lead to a situation where the brain activity caused by S1 may have faded, such that S2 has become an isolated event. </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(<span lang="ZH-TW">若</span>S1<span lang="ZH-TW">和</span>S2<span lang="ZH-TW">間距</span>(SOA)<span lang="ZH-TW">為短的</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">則可能會干擾處理這兩種神經模式的情形</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">相反地</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">如果是一個很長的</span>SOA,<span lang="ZH-TW">則可會導致</span>S1<span lang="ZH-TW">引起的大腦反應消失</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">那</span>S2<span lang="ZH-TW">則可視為一種獨立事件</span>)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Typical research questions concern the facilitation, deterioration, or biasing effects of the sequential stimulus presentation on a required later response.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(典型的研究問題涉及促發</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">惡化</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">偏誤而影響後面需要的反應之影響)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-18028338951730895082017-09-09T19:41:00.001-07:002018-04-06T20:32:43.568-07:00影片介紹- 動畫人生 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj8u7bRybNofxxC5src3lCyz2pP5f0HdDHSy__SAo5oogDug7OcZe4BLrdb-sZynnQbMFmBqvsOXAm7oMMslRKH_q7JEWF8ln7nKAVJPApifxo6RhQMIoidnQ9cFY_iMP3rBqm6SnTy0Q/s1600/%25E7%25B9%25AA%25E5%259C%2596+-+41.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1568" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj8u7bRybNofxxC5src3lCyz2pP5f0HdDHSy__SAo5oogDug7OcZe4BLrdb-sZynnQbMFmBqvsOXAm7oMMslRKH_q7JEWF8ln7nKAVJPApifxo6RhQMIoidnQ9cFY_iMP3rBqm6SnTy0Q/s400/%25E7%25B9%25AA%25E5%259C%2596+-+41.png" width="391" /></a> <iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/TXtEIr8I7q4/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TXtEIr8I7q4?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">這部影片讓我們了解</span><span style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">“<span lang="ZH-TW">自閉症</span>”<span lang="ZH-TW">帶給家庭的衝擊,從自閉症者、父母及手足的角度看待自閉症。</span></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.95pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.95pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">歐文是這位記錄片中的主角</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">,很</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">小的時候和一般的幼兒沒什麼不同</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">但在他三歲那年被診斷有自閉症</span><span style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">他開始不跟人互動</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">也不說話</span><span style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">...</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">直到有一天父母發現歐文能說出迪士尼卡通裡面的台詞</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">驚覺這是個能開啟歐文和世界溝通的橋樑。</span><span style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">紀錄片中呈現自閉症父母的心情轉折,從一開始的難以接受,到接受孩子的自閉症標籤,進而正向面對孩子的一切,即使孩子從不會說話到會說話了似乎鬆了一口氣,但緊接著另一個擔憂又出現了</span><span style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">...<span lang="ZH-TW">縱然如此,父母仍是一路陪伴著孩子</span></span><b><span style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;">片中歐文的哥哥,從小就察覺到弟弟的不同,但並沒有因此遠離弟弟,他與父母一起幫助他親愛的弟弟。他是弟弟小時候的玩伴,是弟弟成年後的夥伴,但當父母逐漸年老後逝去後,或許就是弟弟的第二個父親了,但別忘了,那個時候哥哥也年老了,即使有如此的無形壓力,疼愛弟弟的他仍認為這是身為哥哥的責任。</span><b><span style="color: #010101; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-49750142015290413062017-09-08T20:46:00.000-07:002018-04-14T01:42:53.166-07:00兒童語言治療介入策略: Responsivity Education/Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching:goals and procedures<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtVZ47aRFIHS36tw-Xe3u5-UAI6-29VWnAbXh2VuiwBFXJH3z9GP1wwN159Z4Rzr8lXemqRGe4tG4PFA-AaETTGtkrGpYMXHmJM8WzfszvMUUV91aR-C9d2P2n1kknXiGVngDe4icSTzk/s1600/PMT+goals+and+procedure.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="601" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtVZ47aRFIHS36tw-Xe3u5-UAI6-29VWnAbXh2VuiwBFXJH3z9GP1wwN159Z4Rzr8lXemqRGe4tG4PFA-AaETTGtkrGpYMXHmJM8WzfszvMUUV91aR-C9d2P2n1kknXiGVngDe4icSTzk/s640/PMT+goals+and+procedure.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<i style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: white;"><br /></b></i>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbiIs43dNXaVyvmfwVkwpIYqrdEbVZAIsD2_cWXydqkUJe04P90UR5TxjQXMuIdK9FfdZi-roVNluXP1Ot8koGBjm0gMPHk3ozcMjilMgS6wHXfMd3yDe7MnOJkIURIi2kVQDpfzk8Ytg/s1600/Prelinguistic+Milieu+Teaching+%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%2596%2587.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbiIs43dNXaVyvmfwVkwpIYqrdEbVZAIsD2_cWXydqkUJe04P90UR5TxjQXMuIdK9FfdZi-roVNluXP1Ot8koGBjm0gMPHk3ozcMjilMgS6wHXfMd3yDe7MnOJkIURIi2kVQDpfzk8Ytg/s1600/Prelinguistic+Milieu+Teaching+%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%2596%2587.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 16pt;">P.S.linguistic mapping</span></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: start;"> </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><a href="https://www.psychology-lexicon.com/cms/glossary/glossary-m/12269-mean.html" style="background-color: white; color: #0a295a; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: start;">means</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> putting the child’s message into expressive output.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div>
<i style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: white;">Early Effects of Responsivity Education/Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching for Children With Developmental Delays and Their Parents</b></i><br />
<i style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: white;"><br /></b></i> <span style="font-size: large;">Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol. 49 526–547 June 2006 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 1092-4388/06/4903-0526</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://vkc.mc.vanderbilt.edu/yoder/pdfs/fey-m-warren-s-brady-n-.pdf">http://vkc.mc.vanderbilt.edu/yoder/pdfs/fey-m-warren-s-brady-n-.pdf</a> (free download)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">key point of the paper:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">RE/PMT only positively affected the use of requests among children who did not have Down syndrome (DS).children with DS often are reluctant to persist in the completion of a task under circumstances in which they are challenged or not immediately successful. These children may have shifted their attention from their original objects and events of interest and desire when challenged by adult prompts for a complex requestive act.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br />PMT, targets include nonverbal communication attempts that use combinations of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">(a)<b>gestures</b>, (b)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>vocalizations,</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and (c)<span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>eye gazing</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>that shifts from referents of interest to a communication partner. Clinicians responded to these targets in ways consistent with the perceived intent of the child.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br />the procedures were applied in a hierarchical fashion. Those techniques presented first </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">require the most sophisticated child responses. If a child failed to respond to a higher order procedure, the clinician dropped to a lower level technique, providing a more explicit prompt to elicit a response from the child, whenever it was still meaningful and appropriate to dose.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmZntCJRJo1kYVKcfm2ofD6lkDta_KZ2xLzq96YdMtFpVBczZqX3iKJQrHN76lQY4eocNXy3nJPFXhhDppl3mC7tbSeLubDX808nMk_7y4sBkS0zuUqhtH6wFCTcN0_gHW2ZnJzvpqkcA/s1600/12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmZntCJRJo1kYVKcfm2ofD6lkDta_KZ2xLzq96YdMtFpVBczZqX3iKJQrHN76lQY4eocNXy3nJPFXhhDppl3mC7tbSeLubDX808nMk_7y4sBkS0zuUqhtH6wFCTcN0_gHW2ZnJzvpqkcA/s1600/12.jpg" /></a></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRA5Eu6JHuW4xmlkh-8HMTZppRigJxLzgah7Rr8UjEwfw5XO7ccz4hkVlFX8_3jMNixD0DuXD-FarJLDch7EOhPudl9mkfnXMSZJ6RKXvG9rCzIm5bNHPQM1UkyGrX8yoM5l5Ls7hc9DI/s1600/34.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRA5Eu6JHuW4xmlkh-8HMTZppRigJxLzgah7Rr8UjEwfw5XO7ccz4hkVlFX8_3jMNixD0DuXD-FarJLDch7EOhPudl9mkfnXMSZJ6RKXvG9rCzIm5bNHPQM1UkyGrX8yoM5l5Ls7hc9DI/s1600/34.jpg" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKqsD167ELRn-d_3GvVxu4x5dyc1HArFZxAkoRh63ByuKoGz5W-5kK1lbUxrbTcf97i9ItNc11nhjPmcvLuUeM3c5Kj5wb8YTeX2awxnxECnurKIbyiqaEp070u5OlNi-P7cphQthrSx0/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKqsD167ELRn-d_3GvVxu4x5dyc1HArFZxAkoRh63ByuKoGz5W-5kK1lbUxrbTcf97i9ItNc11nhjPmcvLuUeM3c5Kj5wb8YTeX2awxnxECnurKIbyiqaEp070u5OlNi-P7cphQthrSx0/s1600/5.jpg" /></a><br />
<br /></div>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-75253633523371108922017-09-03T07:31:00.000-07:002017-11-21T02:22:10.347-08:00 腦性麻痺兒童之吞嚥障礙: Dysphagia in children with infantile cerebral palsy<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicAVQfPACF7BCD1jQcoB8e7GnGfJzGFm8NNA_czlH2zKP3CLHHo5mIEouNSCimoiIVFmbldNulrL_0ERjHTlQGCqmbVDyARjj-NOJ2073GPsxQa-zyMvksi_Okx1w6F-C5ZMWJwZhQI1s/s1600/CP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="475" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicAVQfPACF7BCD1jQcoB8e7GnGfJzGFm8NNA_czlH2zKP3CLHHo5mIEouNSCimoiIVFmbldNulrL_0ERjHTlQGCqmbVDyARjj-NOJ2073GPsxQa-zyMvksi_Okx1w6F-C5ZMWJwZhQI1s/s400/CP.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 18px;">Dysphagia in children with infantile cerebral palsy</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px; text-decoration: underline;">Otapowicz D</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: smaller; font-size: smaller; vertical-align: super;">1</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px;">, </span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px; text-decoration: underline;">Sobaniec W</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px;">, </span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px; text-decoration: underline;">Okurowska-Zawada B</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px;">, </span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px; text-decoration: underline;">Artemowicz B</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px;">, </span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px; text-decoration: underline;">Sendrowski K</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px;">, </span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px; text-decoration: underline;">Kułak W</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px;">, </span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px; text-decoration: underline;">Boćkowski L</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px;">, </span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px; text-decoration: underline;">Kuzia-Śmigielska J</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 18px;">. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "lucida sans unicode" , "microsoft sans serif" , "segoe ui symbol" , "stixgeneral" , "cambria math" , "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" title="Go to Advances in Medical Sciences on ScienceDirect">Advances in Medical Sciences</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "lucida sans unicode" , "microsoft sans serif" , "segoe ui symbol" , "stixgeneral" , "cambria math" , "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" title="Go to table of contents for this volume/issue">Volume 55, Issue 2</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "lucida sans unicode" , "microsoft sans serif" , "segoe ui symbol" , "stixgeneral" , "cambria math" , "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">, 2010, Pages 222-227</span></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20934964" style="font-size: 18px;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20934964</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">目的:</span><span style="font-size: 18px;">對於腦性麻痺之嬰幼兒,吞嚥問題是一顯著的問題,但少被探討。本研究的目的在於分析腦性麻痺嬰幼兒的吞嚥徵兆,包含口腔期及咽部期的吞嚥障礙與嚴重的運動言語障礙。我們也探究吞嚥障礙嚴重性與腦性麻痺的類型、智能發展和癲癇發生率的相關性。</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">方法:</span><span style="font-size: 18px;">研究對象為67位腦性麻痺嬰幼兒,收集個案史、分析醫學和心理學的資料及吞嚥評估。</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">結果:</span><span style="font-size: 18px;">在本研究中有41 (61%)的個案有吞嚥障礙的徵兆,多數轉介的原因為口腔期的吞嚥障礙,並伴隨輕至中度的運動言語障礙。有14位個案為口腔期及咽部期的吞嚥障礙,並伴隨嚴重的運動言語障礙。有兩位兒童為最嚴重的咽部期吞嚥障礙。研究顯示吞嚥障礙的嚴重度與ICP的類型、智能發展達顯著相關。</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">結論:</span><span style="font-size: 18px;">超過50%的腦性麻痺嬰兒童有吞嚥障礙,其一系列的問題,包含口腔期及咽部期吞嚥障礙,主要受到腦性麻痺的類型和重度的智能受損的影響。這些障礙持續從嬰兒時期至幼兒期、青年期,而主要在口腔期的吞嚥能力會有所進步。但運動言語障礙仍是一直伴隨的症狀,尤其是在口腔期與咽部期有吞嚥障礙的個案特別嚴重。因此,針對ICP早期的評估與吞嚥功能的刺激應是其復健重要的一環。 </span></div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<span style="font-size: 18px;">Abstract </span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">PURPOSE:</span><span style="font-size: 18px;">Dysphagia is a significant health problem in children with infantile cerebral palsy (ICP), but not frequently discussed in the literature. The study objective was to analyse dysphagia symptoms in children with a pyramidal form of ICP, including the oral and pharyngeal phases of deglutition and dysarthria severity. We searched for a correlation between dysphagia severity and ICP type, mental development and occurrence of epilepsy.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">MATERIAL AND METHODS:</span><span style="font-size: 18px;">A total of 67 children with a pyramidal form of infantile cerebral palsy were studied. Data were obtained based on case history elicited from the mothers, analysis of medical and psychological documentation, and logopaedic examination, including an examination of the action of swallowing.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">RESULTS:</span><span style="font-size: 18px;">Dysphagia symptoms were found in 41 (61%) studied children, most frequently referring only to the oral phase (25 children), with concomitant mild and moderate dysarthria. Oral and pharyngeal dysfunctions were observed in 14 children and coexisted with more pronounced dysarthria symptoms. The most severe disorders were mainly found in the pharyngeal phase in 2 children. A statistically significant correlation was noted between the severity of dysphagia symptoms and the ICP type (p<0.044) and mental development (p<0.00002).</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">CONCLUSIONS:</span><span style="font-size: 18px;">Swallowing dysfunctions occur in the majority of children (>50%) with ICP. More serious disorders involving the oral and pharyngeal phases mainly affect children with tetraplegia and profound mental impairment. These disorders continue from early infancy through childhood and adolescence and improvement has been mainly observed when only the oral phase of swallowing is affected. These are always accompanied by dysarthria symptoms, which are especially severe when dysphagia involves the oral and pharyngeal phases. Early assessment and stimulation of the swallowing function should be a common element in the rehabilitation and care of children with ICP.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "lucida sans unicode" , "microsoft sans serif" , "segoe ui symbol" , "stixgeneral" , "cambria math" , "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "lucida sans unicode" , "microsoft sans serif" , "segoe ui symbol" , "stixgeneral" , "cambria math" , "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">INTRODUCTION</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">正常的吸吮、吞嚥和咀嚼的發展,需要雙唇有適合的技巧以及頰肌和舌頭自主與非自主的動作控制與協調性。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">腦</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">性麻痺的兒童,在所謂的正常吞嚥動作之相關肌群受到變化性的干擾,在舌頭,軟顎和喉部有異常的張力及動作、感覺異常,導致嗆咳、阻礙吞口水。</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">雙側上運動神經元受損並伴隨</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;"> pseudobulbar and bulbar syndrome的症狀,經常導致吞嚥異常。食物難以形成食團並阻礙液體和固體食物到達食道。而</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">吞嚥動作可以 分成自主動作的口腔期和非自主動作的咽部期與食道期。</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">MATERIALS AND METHODS</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">研究共有</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">67位個案腦性麻痺個案(</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">with a pyramidal form of infantile cerebral palsy)年齡為</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">3-17歲。</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">-腦性麻痺類型:diplegic 42%。 tetraplegic 37%。 hemiplegic </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">21%</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">-智能發展:</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">normal 35% ;</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;"> mental impairment 65</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">%</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;"> (</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">18% mild, 27% moderate, 20% severe or profound)</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">與母親訪談了解腦性麻痺兒童早期的吞嚥問題,收集醫學診斷、心理評估資料,由語言治療師評估個案言語障礙及吞嚥障礙情形。</span></div>
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">RESULTS</span></h2>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">研究中有69%的照顧</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">者表示腦性麻痺的孩子有吞嚥相關的問題,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">包含:</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">吸吮不佳,咀嚼不佳,必須進食</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">混合質地的食物,進食時間過長,無法操弄嘴巴裡的食物,食物從嘴巴掉出,堆積在舌頭下面,大量的口水流出。其中有18位兒童有嗆咳、咳嗽和嘔吐反射過強。</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">吞嚥評估顯示有41位有吞嚥問題:</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">其中25位兒童有口腔期</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">吞嚥問題,在</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">說話時有過多的口水,進食時間過長,雙唇和舌頭動作的功能受損。</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">14位兒童,有較嚴重的吞嚥問題,主要在口腔期</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">及咽部期,舌頭較平坦,臉部歪曲,吞嚥時有較大的聲音,流口水,難以咀嚼及移動食物,在吞嚥液體或固體時有時會嗆咳,在雙唇、舌頭和顎的動作有更嚴重的功能受損,口腔過度敏感,顎咽反射增加。另有</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">2位是最嚴重的口咽期吞嚥障礙</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">,難以進食液體和固體食物,吞嚥時雙唇張力高,嗆咳,有時液體流入鼻腔,經常發生吞嚥問題。</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">在所有於口腔期吞嚥障礙的個案,也伴隨輕度</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;"> (12 位)和中度 (13 位) dysarthria 。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">若是在咽部期有吞嚥問題其</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">dysarthria則更嚴重。</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">統計資料分析:</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">(1)Icp的類型和吞嚥障礙的嚴重程度達顯著的相關</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;"> tetraplegic:</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">有</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">較多口咽期吞嚥障礙。</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;"> diplegic</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;"> </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">:也有口咽期吞嚥障礙。</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;"> hemiplegic :</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">只有口腔期吞嚥障礙。</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">(2)吞嚥障礙的嚴重度與智能發展達顯著的相關: </span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;"> 多數有嚴重的吞嚥障礙問題的個案,同時也伴隨重度或極重度的智能障礙。</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">(3)吞嚥的嚴重度與癲癇無顯著相關。</span></div>
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">DISCUSSION</span></h2>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">吞嚥問題從早期到青少年期持續存在,即使是流口水的問題也是需要被重視的,在觀感上也是重要的。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">相關研究指出腦性麻痺者經常有餵食問題、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">言語問題及</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">腸胃相關的問題。</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">許多本研究中家長報告顯示,兒童在口腔期的功能是有些進步,而這些兒童主要的吞嚥問題為雙唇和舌頭的動作控制不佳。而有咽部期吞嚥障礙之腦性麻痺者,仍多持續該問題,尤其在嚴重的個案身上(通常是</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">tetraplegic 類型且有嚴重的障礙受損之CP)。</span></div>
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">CONCLUSIONS</span></h2>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "lucida sans unicode" , "microsoft sans serif" , "segoe ui symbol" , "stixgeneral" , "cambria math" , "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 16px;"> </span><br />
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Segoe UI Symbol', STIXGeneral, 'Cambria Math', 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">超過50%以上的腦性麻痺兒童會有吞嚥障礙的問題,發展的成熟並沒有因此而降低其吞嚥問題,這些問題很多仍從幼兒持續到青少年時期。較有改善的是在口腔期的吞嚥障礙情形。早期的吞嚥評估及介入應為腦性麻痺兒童的照護及復健的要素之一。</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "lucida sans unicode" , "microsoft sans serif" , "segoe ui symbol" , "stixgeneral" , "cambria math" , "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 16px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<b style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 17.600000381469727px;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: , serif; font-size: 16pt;">歡迎至</span></b><a href="https://zh-tw.facebook.com/stbox365/" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #33aaff; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 17.600000381469727px;" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 16pt;">FB-</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: , serif; font-size: 16pt;">語言治療百寶箱</span></b></a><b style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 17.600000381469727px;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: , serif; font-size: 16pt;">,按讚、追蹤,以通知您更新資訊。</span></b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-56133096024385015012017-08-25T18:35:00.001-07:002023-02-06T07:32:33.541-08:00ST box 語言治療 相關影片(Films)<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">*兒童溝通及語言相關</span></b></div>
</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 25.68px;">親子互動</span><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="line-height: 25.68px;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 25.68px;">促進溝通及語言能力</span><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="line-height: 25.68px;">(1</span><span style="line-height: 25.68px;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">)</span></span></b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/LEteb5p_Q8o/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LEteb5p_Q8o?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 25.68px;">親子互動</span><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="line-height: 25.68px;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; line-height: 25.68px;">促進溝通及語言能力</span><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="line-height: 25.68px;">(2</span><span style="line-height: 25.68px;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">)</span></span></span> </b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/gDgGDYnq1SE/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gDgGDYnq1SE?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #ea9999; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b> </b> </span></span></span> <br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">*兒童構音/音韻相關</span></b></span><br />
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></b>
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">說話性言語障礙 (構音/音韻異常) </span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tWedB_KV_x8/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tWedB_KV_x8?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"> <span style="background-color: #ffe599;"> 口腔動作發展的重要性</span></span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/CAoWXz_X7XQ/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CAoWXz_X7XQ?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: x-large;">華語構音位置聲母</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: x-large;">-注音符號怎麼唸?</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/TlhKHSsYSZI/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TlhKHSsYSZI?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: x-large;">華語構音位置韻母</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: x-large;">-注音符號怎麼唸?</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/CUZiaw9Piwg/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CUZiaw9Piwg?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700;"> <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">臭乳呆_構音障礙迷思</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2c5Z-8llhqM/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2c5Z-8llhqM?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<span style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></b><b><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-large;">*嬰幼兒吞嚥障礙</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;">嬰幼兒進食/</span><span style="background-color: white;">吞嚥發展</span></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tv1aoQSCFjM/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tv1aoQSCFjM?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: x-large;">一般嬰幼兒餵食促進技巧</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/BITpgaPIGsg/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BITpgaPIGsg?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;">嬰幼兒吞嚥障礙之問題層面分析 </span></span></b> </div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/iBRtQsNMu5Q/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iBRtQsNMu5Q?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">嬰幼兒吞嚥障礙之徵兆</span></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qKGFgJiu2pA/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qKGFgJiu2pA?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: yellow;"><b style="background-color: yellow;">*兒童言語異常</b></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: yellow;"><b style="background-color: yellow;"></b></b></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: #ffe599;">兒童口吃/ 語暢異常</b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qdOTLlMJgkQ/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qdOTLlMJgkQ?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">兒童期言語失用症治療</span></span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/TUUwJFPKL2I/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TUUwJFPKL2I?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"><br /></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: yellow;">*失語症</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: yellow;"></b></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: x-large;">認識失語症</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/joiRSUeFgXs/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/joiRSUeFgXs?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.75pt;" valign="top" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: x-large;">如何與失語症者溝通</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/6F-fjeBIxiI/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6F-fjeBIxiI?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b> </b></span></div>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-48761687201697952242017-08-19T04:05:00.002-07:002018-09-25T01:53:27.308-07:00什麼是自閉症類群障礙? (What is Autism spectrum disorder? )<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipDIKuu3zDq2ZLI3GlLReMQabL6VFh9RLKfuTG64xqd6d1ODF83tD6Ywmxnxa6h8eWaLTt3CCfcROxVSgc6Rlj2o3RmDQ4R15YzbWyDl2s8atixIPb252JB1xZ_LOZ3b3A44N2IaDt270/s1600/ASD+%25E5%25B0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="903" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipDIKuu3zDq2ZLI3GlLReMQabL6VFh9RLKfuTG64xqd6d1ODF83tD6Ywmxnxa6h8eWaLTt3CCfcROxVSgc6Rlj2o3RmDQ4R15YzbWyDl2s8atixIPb252JB1xZ_LOZ3b3A44N2IaDt270/s640/ASD+%25E5%25B0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 14pt;">什麼是自閉症</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(Autism)?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">聽到這個詞</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">一般人都會想說</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">就是自己一個人、不理人、不說話</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">對於自閉症您了解多少呢?</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">自閉症者在社交互動上有困難且會有固著的行為</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">通常對於環境刺激的感覺與一般人不同</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">如 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmDGvquzn2k" target="_blank">自閉症者相關影片 </a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(<span lang="ZH-TW">影片中的女孩所聽到的環境中聲音是如此的吵雜</span>.<span lang="ZH-TW">所承受的刺激是如此的大</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">以下整理</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 14pt;">DSM-5 相關資料 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">說明自閉症類群障礙</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(ASD</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Autism spectrum disorder)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">的症狀</span><span style="color: #385723; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">目前在</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">DSM-5</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">精神疾病診斷與統計手冊</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第五版</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">中</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">以</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Autism
spectrum disorder, ASD (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">譯為</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">自閉症光譜</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">或</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">自閉症類群障礙</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">統稱過去在</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">DSM-4</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">中所定義的</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">自閉症</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(autism)
,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">亞斯伯格</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(<span style="background: white;">Asperger syndrome,</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">AS),</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">其他未註明的廣泛性發展障礙</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">( <span style="background: white;">Pervasive Developmental
Disorder</span>,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">PDD)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">以及</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">兒童期崩解障礙</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">
(Childhood disintegrative disorder)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">而</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">DSM-5</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">中的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">ASD</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">是基於行為以定義的症候群</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">使用</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">spectrum</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(<span lang="ZH-TW">光譜</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">這個詞</span>, </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">同時也顯示了該群體中個體的異質性</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">自閉症類群障礙包含兩個層面的特徵</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">一</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">)<span lang="ZH-TW">在多個情境中持續有</span></span><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">社交溝通及社交活動的缺陷</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1.</span><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">社會情緒性情緒相互性缺陷</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">從</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">異常的社交方式和缺乏一來一往的對話輪替,到少有興趣、情緒上的分享,或是難以</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">開啟或回應社交互動</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2. </span><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">社交互動中非語言溝通行為缺陷</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">從</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">難以整合語言和非語言溝通,到少有眼神接觸和肢體語言,較不理解和使用手勢,甚</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">至全面性缺乏面部表情和非語言溝通。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3. </span><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">發展、維繫及了解關係的缺陷</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">從</span> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">難以依據社交情境而調整行為,到難以分享想像性遊戲或交朋友</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">, </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">對同儕缺乏興</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">趣</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">二</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">) </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">侷限、重複性的行為、興趣或活動</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(在以下特徵至少出現兩個)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">1.</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">刻板或重複的動作</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(包含使用物品或聲音)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">如:簡單刻板的動作、把玩具排成一直線或翻轉物品,
鸚鵡式仿說</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(<span lang="ZH-TW">模仿人講話</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">但不</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">具溝通意義</span>)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">特定的短語。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">堅持一致,缺乏彈性</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,喜歡固定的常規,儀式化的模式、口語、非口語行為。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">如:對於小改變極度地難以接受,難以轉換、僵化的思考模式、制式的打招呼、每天都</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">需要相同的路線或是吃相同的食物。</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">有限及固定的興趣,過度聚焦在某事物上</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">如:對於事物過度強烈不尋常的依附、關注、或堅持的興趣。(非常著迷數字、玩具車</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">的輪子</span>..<span lang="ZH-TW">)</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">對感覺刺激有過度的敏感或鈍感</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,對於環境中的某些感覺刺激特別有興趣。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">如:對於疼痛或溫度明顯無感、對特定的材質或聲音排斥、對物體會過度聞或觸摸,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">對於光線或是動作等視覺刺激過度的著迷</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(<span lang="ZH-TW">三</span>) <span lang="ZH-TW">症狀必須出現在早期發展階段</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">在社交需求超過其能力所及之前,或是經過後來的學習策略而掩蓋其特徵,</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">因此可能並不會完全顯現出來這些</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">症狀</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(<span lang="ZH-TW">四</span>) <span lang="ZH-TW">症狀導致在社交、工作或其他重要領域功能上有顯著的影</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">響</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(<span lang="ZH-TW">五</span>) <span lang="ZH-TW">這些障礙並不是因為智能受損或是全面性發展遲緩所造成的</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW"> 而智能受損與自閉症類群障礙經常會共存</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">自閉症類群障礙依需要協助的程度分類其嚴重度,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">視</span><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">社交溝通</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">和</span><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">侷限</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">、</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">重複性行為</span></b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">的程度而定。</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(Severity levels for autism spectrum disorder)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 3.8pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #B4C6E7; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 524.5pt;" valign="top" width="699"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ß</span></b><b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">------------------------------Autism
Spectrum Disorder / <span lang="ZH-TW">自閉症類群障礙</span>------------------------------------------</span></b><b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;">à</span></b><b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #FF7C80; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 524.5pt;" valign="top" width="699"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Severity level</span></b><b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">/<span lang="ZH-TW">嚴重度</span></span></b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 174.8pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Level 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Requiring support</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">需要協</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">助</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 174.85pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Level 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Requiring
substantial support</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">需要大量的協</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">助</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 174.85pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Level 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Requiring very
substantial support<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">需要非常大量的協</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">助</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #FFD966; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 524.5pt;" valign="top" width="699"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Social communication/</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">社交溝通</span></b><b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 174.8pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span lang="ZH-TW">在無支持情況下</span>,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">可注意</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">到社交溝通技巧缺損</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">開啟</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">社交互動有</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">困難</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span lang="ZH-TW">社交互動時</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">有不適切</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">的回應</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span lang="ZH-TW">對於社交互動似乎</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">缺乏興趣</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">如</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">:<span lang="ZH-TW">可說流暢句子並進行溝通</span>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">但與人溝通常會失敗</span></span><b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 174.85pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">明顯的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">口語和非口語社交溝通技巧的缺損,即使在有支持的環境中</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">仍顯社</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">交</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">困難</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">有限的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">開啟社交互動</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span lang="ZH-TW">社交</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">互動少</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">且</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">不適切</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">回應</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">如:可說簡單句,互動僅限於狹隘的特殊興</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">趣上</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">.<span lang="ZH-TW">會有奇怪的非語言溝通</span>.</span><b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 174.85pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">嚴重的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">口語及非口語的溝通技巧的缺損,導致功能嚴重受損</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">非常有限的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">開啟社交互動或</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">非常有限的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">回應他人</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">如:有限的口語且少開啟互動,使用異常的方式表示需求,只能回應非常直接的社交方式。</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #FFD966; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 524.5pt;" valign="top" width="699"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Restricted, repetitive behaviors</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> /</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">侷限</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">、</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">重複性行為</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 174.8pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span lang="ZH-TW">固著行為</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">一或多情境</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">中明顯干擾其功能</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span lang="ZH-TW">對於</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">活動間的轉換感到困難</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span lang="ZH-TW">組織</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">規劃問題會妨礙其獨立性</span></span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 174.85pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span lang="ZH-TW">固著行為</span>,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">難以改變</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-size: 12.0pt;">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">常出現</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">干擾不同情境</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">中的功能</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span lang="ZH-TW">對於轉移其注意的焦點或</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">動作</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">感到困擾</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 174.85pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span lang="ZH-TW">固著行為</span>,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">顯著</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-size: 12.0pt;">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">非常難改變</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">干擾</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">所有領域</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">的功能</span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span lang="ZH-TW">對於轉移其注意的焦點或</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 3.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">動作</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">感到極大的困擾</span><b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">資料來源</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background: white; color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. The</span><span style="background: white; color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background: white; color: #010101; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">精神疾病診斷與統計手冊</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第五版</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/diagnosis/dsm-5-diagnostic-criteria">https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/diagnosis/dsm-5-diagnostic-criteria</a></span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">丘彥南,賴孟泉,徐如維,劉弘仁</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">2011</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12.0pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">台灣精神醫學會</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> DSM 5</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">診斷標準的改變</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">第一部分</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.sop.org.tw/Dsm5/Folder/2011_03/20111003.pdf">http://www.sop.org.tw/Dsm5/Folder/2011_03/20111003.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<h1 class="yt watch-title-container" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #222222; display: table-cell; font-family: roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 824px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 15.6px;">
</span></h1>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5637771713258159850.post-63503222112253272512017-08-13T02:18:00.006-07:002023-02-06T07:34:25.033-08:00嗓音異常 voice disorder (聲帶結構 & 嗓音異常影片)<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Vocal fold</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx8TIXzUeZPvE4cvHErqw-Aw4aUPiLp8MrAyI1RBzndLH-j3qWx_LDcrw_MAtB3U88rhQ3eUtduWzYVHfelb1hdDrQY9llCX-KREutAAOhtBXprHf4iyAF5pAMPOqZXp3ay4Qv_qSUVS4/s1600/2017-08-13_171533.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="580" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx8TIXzUeZPvE4cvHErqw-Aw4aUPiLp8MrAyI1RBzndLH-j3qWx_LDcrw_MAtB3U88rhQ3eUtduWzYVHfelb1hdDrQY9llCX-KREutAAOhtBXprHf4iyAF5pAMPOqZXp3ay4Qv_qSUVS4/s640/2017-08-13_171533.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi5DfhmeGnVwV_MK9oKc2PykEX_Bsv0GF0ohnk24107kEaaUNZDut32orR5CNQ4R5tjabEh9fKByFoG6p0FG9t8_mIGMjqW8LgOfTAf8kTEHq252GP2sDe1ZJ40pJbcF1KVOgTRPUhmP8/s1600/2017-08-13_171600.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="481" height="584" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi5DfhmeGnVwV_MK9oKc2PykEX_Bsv0GF0ohnk24107kEaaUNZDut32orR5CNQ4R5tjabEh9fKByFoG6p0FG9t8_mIGMjqW8LgOfTAf8kTEHq252GP2sDe1ZJ40pJbcF1KVOgTRPUhmP8/s640/2017-08-13_171600.png" width="640" /></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> youtube 影片連結</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9cKnUFZjs8k" target="_blank">Breathiness voice </a></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZQMfHoVnt0" target="_blank">Functional aphonia</a></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W81PM59Hr3s" target="_blank">glottal fry</a></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqzfsKMaLqk" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">spastic dysphonia</span></a></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="border: 1pt none; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Knf5HFSqCM" target="_blank">Right Vocal Cord Paralysis</a></span></span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br /><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><br /></div>
</div>
ST box 語言治療百寶箱http://www.blogger.com/profile/06891032631305102711noreply@blogger.com0